Difference between revisions of "Azagny National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Azagny National Park]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Azagny National Park]]
 
  
−
[[File: Map_CIV_AzagnyNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Azagny National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Azagny_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Azagny_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Azagny_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Azagny_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Azagny_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one-sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
  
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Azagny National Park.  
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.21, -4.88~[[Azagny National Park]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
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* It was estimated that 36 (CI: 13-97) weaned individuals occurred in the site in 2007.  
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Azagny National Park.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
+
* It was estimated that 36 (95% CI: 13-97) weaned individuals occurred in the site in 2007.
−
* This site has a total size of 194 km².  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are human intrusion, poaching and subsistence farming (illegal cocoa and rubber plantations).  
+
* This site has a total size of 194 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are human intrusion, poaching and subsistence farming (illegal cocoa and rubber plantations).
 
* No conservation activities were reported for Azagny National Park.
 
* No conservation activities were reported for Azagny National Park.
 
* Only about a third of the park is presumably habitat that chimpanzees can effectively use.
 
* Only about a third of the park is presumably habitat that chimpanzees can effectively use.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Azagny National Park is situated 100 km due west of Abidjan. The vegetation of the park is varied and mostly comprises swamps of various types, which cover two-thirds of the park, swamp-forest, inundated riverine forest, relatively small amounts of moist evergreen forest on areas of higher ground, and mangrove. There is also some littoral savanna woodland. Azagny was originally created a protected area in 1981 (Pullan 1988) in part for the conservation of forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') and forest buffaloes (''Syncerus caffer''), both of which occur in good numbers, benefiting from the protection of the swamps. Other mammals of global conservation concern include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), white-thighed colobus (''Colobus vellerosus''), white-naped mangabeys (''Cercocebus lunulatus''), Roloway’s monkeys (''Cercopithecus roloway''), and slender-snouted crocodiles (''Crocodylus cataphractus'', BirdLife International 2019).
 
Azagny National Park is situated 100 km due west of Abidjan. The vegetation of the park is varied and mostly comprises swamps of various types, which cover two-thirds of the park, swamp-forest, inundated riverine forest, relatively small amounts of moist evergreen forest on areas of higher ground, and mangrove. There is also some littoral savanna woodland. Azagny was originally created a protected area in 1981 (Pullan 1988) in part for the conservation of forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') and forest buffaloes (''Syncerus caffer''), both of which occur in good numbers, benefiting from the protection of the swamps. Other mammals of global conservation concern include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), white-thighed colobus (''Colobus vellerosus''), white-naped mangabeys (''Cercocebus lunulatus''), Roloway’s monkeys (''Cercopithecus roloway''), and slender-snouted crocodiles (''Crocodylus cataphractus'', BirdLife International 2019).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Azagny National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Azagny National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|194 km²
 
|194 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coordinates
+
|Coordinates
−
|5.21, -4.88
+
|Lat: 5.21 , Lon:  -4.88
 +
|-
 +
|Type of site
 +
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|National Park
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Marine coastal/supratidal, Urban areas, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Type of governance
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Moist savanna, Lagoon, Mangrove submerged roots, Rural gardens, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
In 1988 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991) and 1989-1990 (Marchesi et al. 1995), strip transect surveys were conducted and yielded estimates of 30 and 57 individuals, respectively (whereby the 1995 estimate includes only weaned individuals). A line transect survey conducted by Herbinger (2007) recorded 88 nests on 56 km of transects surveyed. Transects of 1 km length, oriented in direction west/east, were separated from each other by 1 km in each direction and distributed systematically throughout the park. The precision of the abundance estimate of 47 weaned individuals (equivalent to 59 individuals in total using a correction factor of 0.8) was very low (CV= 52.4%), due to the fact that nests were recorded on only five out of 56 transects. Another survey was conducted in 2012 and differed in methodology in that it was a Rapid Assessment that surveyed recces of a total length of 23.5 km (WCF 2012). Recces were located in areas with a high probability of chimpanzee presence (based on previous surveys and chimpanzee habitat preferences). These methodological differences preclude the calculation of a population trend.
 
In 1988 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991) and 1989-1990 (Marchesi et al. 1995), strip transect surveys were conducted and yielded estimates of 30 and 57 individuals, respectively (whereby the 1995 estimate includes only weaned individuals). A line transect survey conducted by Herbinger (2007) recorded 88 nests on 56 km of transects surveyed. Transects of 1 km length, oriented in direction west/east, were separated from each other by 1 km in each direction and distributed systematically throughout the park. The precision of the abundance estimate of 47 weaned individuals (equivalent to 59 individuals in total using a correction factor of 0.8) was very low (CV= 52.4%), due to the fact that nests were recorded on only five out of 56 transects. Another survey was conducted in 2012 and differed in methodology in that it was a Rapid Assessment that surveyed recces of a total length of 23.5 km (WCF 2012). Recces were located in areas with a high probability of chimpanzee presence (based on previous surveys and chimpanzee habitat preferences). These methodological differences preclude the calculation of a population trend.
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Azagny National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Azagny National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|1988
 
|1988
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.15
 
|30
 
|30
−
|0.15
+
|Azagny National Park (200 km²)
 +
|Interviews, Strip transect
 
|
 
|
−
|Azagny National Park (200 km²)
 
−
|Interview method, strip & quadrat sampling
 
 
|Hoppe-Dominik 1991
 
|Hoppe-Dominik 1991
 
|Depending on habitat, straight strip transects were 20, 40 or 100 m wide
 
|Depending on habitat, straight strip transects were 20, 40 or 100 m wide
Line 74: Line 76:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|1989-1990
 
|1989-1990
−
|57 (weaned individuals)
+
|
 +
|
 
|1.64
 
|1.64
−
|
+
|57
 
|Azagny National Park (217.4 km²)
 
|Azagny National Park (217.4 km²)
 
|Informed guess
 
|Informed guess
 +
|
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Mean density calculated for the national parks of the Guinean belt
 
|Mean density calculated for the national parks of the Guinean belt
Line 85: Line 89:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2007
 
|2007
−
|47 (18-125) (weaned individuals)
+
|
−
|0.72 (0.27-1.92) (weaned individuals)
+
|3.1
−
|3.1 (88 nests on 56 km)
+
|0.72 (0.27-1.92)
 +
|47 (18-125)
 
|Chimpanzee habitat within Azagny National Park (65 km²)
 
|Chimpanzee habitat within Azagny National Park (65 km²)
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Herbinger 2007
 
|Herbinger 2007
 
|Total survey effort: 56 km, estimate includes only weaned individuals
 
|Total survey effort: 56 km, estimate includes only weaned individuals
Line 96: Line 102:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
 +
|
 +
|5.02
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|5.02 (118 nests on 23.5 km)
 
 
|Azagny National Park (174 km²)
 
|Azagny National Park (174 km²)
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Recconaissance walk, total survey effort: 23.5 km
 
|Recconaissance walk, total survey effort: 23.5 km
Line 107: Line 115:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2010-2013
 
|2010-2013
 +
|Present
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Present
 
 
|Azagny National Park (194 km²)
 
|Azagny National Park (194 km²)
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|Bitty et al. 2015
 
|Bitty et al. 2015
 
|Recconaissance walk, not recorded for sites
 
|Recconaissance walk, not recorded for sites
Line 117: Line 127:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
The small population of chimpanzees in Azagny National Park is highly threatened because of habitat destruction, mainly illegal rubber and cocoa plantations, in an area that is naturally already partly unsuitable for chimpanzees due to deep swamp areas (Herbinger 2007). Bitty et al. (2015) estimated that about 40% (77.6 km2) of the natural habitat inside the park has already been converted into cocoa plantations. Moreover, high hunting pressure poses a direct threat to chimpanzee survival (Herbinger 2007, 2012, Bitty et al. 2015). Lastly, the strong and regular presence of humans within park borders due to fishing, hunting and agricultural activities exposes this small population to health risks related to human-chimpanzee disease transmission (Herbinger 2007).
 
The small population of chimpanzees in Azagny National Park is highly threatened because of habitat destruction, mainly illegal rubber and cocoa plantations, in an area that is naturally already partly unsuitable for chimpanzees due to deep swamp areas (Herbinger 2007). Bitty et al. (2015) estimated that about 40% (77.6 km2) of the natural habitat inside the park has already been converted into cocoa plantations. Moreover, high hunting pressure poses a direct threat to chimpanzee survival (Herbinger 2007, 2012, Bitty et al. 2015). Lastly, the strong and regular presence of humans within park borders due to fishing, hunting and agricultural activities exposes this small population to health risks related to human-chimpanzee disease transmission (Herbinger 2007).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Azagny National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Azagny National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|Bitty et al. (2015) estimate the human population size inside the park at zero.
 
|
 
|
−
|Bitty et al. (2015) estimate the human population size inside the park at zero
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
−
|High
 
−
|40% of natural forest converted to plantations (Bitty et al. 2015)
 
−
|Cocoa and rubber plantations (Bitty et al. 2015)
 
−
|Ongoing (2015)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|10 Geological events
−
|
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|12 Other threat
−
|
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Cocoa and rubber plantations (Bitty et al. 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|Poaching index of > 1 (supplementary material in Bitty et al. 2015)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|
+
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
−
|Not reported
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|High risk of contracting human diseases by chimpanzees due to human intrusions (Bitty et al. 2015)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2015)
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|9 Pollution
−
|
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
−
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
 
−
|High
 
 
|
 
|
−
|High risk of contracting human diseases by chimpanzees due to human intrusions (Bitty et al. 2015)
 
−
|Ongoing (2015)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|}
 +
 
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 
 +
Although the site was legally protected in 1981, no additional conservation interventions have been reported for Azagny National Park.
 +
 
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Azagny National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 +
!Category
 +
!Specific activity
 +
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|Absent
+
|The site is designated as a national park since 1981 (BirdLife International 2019).
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|1981-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|6 Species management
−
|
+
|6.7 Translocate (capture & release) wild apes from human impacted sites to natural habitat elsewhere
−
|Unknown
+
|20 Liberian chimpanzees were released on an island on the park border in 1985; six remained in 1995 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991, Marchesi et al. 1995)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|1985.0
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
Economic, political, and social unrest, including a civil war (2002-2004), has been cited as an impediment (Bitty et al. 2015).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Azagny National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|
+
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
−
|Absent
+
|Bitty et al. 2015
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
= Enablers =
 +
 
  
−
Although the site was legally protected in 1981, no additional conservation interventions have been reported for Azagny National Park.
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Azagny National Park'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Azagny National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific enablers
−
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Source
−
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|3. Energy production & mining
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|7. Natural system modifications
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|9. Pollution
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|The site is designated as a national park since 1981 (BirdLife International 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (1981)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|12.12. Translocate (capture & release) wild primates from development sites to natural habitat elsewhere
 
−
|20 Liberian chimpanzees were released on an island on the park border in 1985; six remained in 1995 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991, Marchesi et al. 1995)
 
−
|Completed (1985)
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
−
Economic, political, and social unrest, including a civil war (2002-2004), has been cited as an impediment (Bitty et al. 2015).
+
All the above listed surveys also recorded information on human impact.
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Azagny National Park'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Civil unrest
 
−
|Bitty et al. 2015
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
All the above listed surveys also recorded information on human impact.
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Azagny National Park'''
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Azagny National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Behavior
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!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
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!Source
 
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|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
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= External links =
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= Relevant datasets =
  
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Azagny National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 10/09/2019.<br>
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Bitty EA, Bi SG, Bene J-CK, Kouassi PK, McGraw WS. 2015. Cocoa farming and primate extirpation inside Cote d’Ivoire’s protected areas. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 95-113.<br>
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BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Azagny National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 10/09/2019.
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Herbinger I. 2007. Chimpanzee Survey in Azagny National Park. Unpublished report.<br>
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Marchesi P, Marchesi N, Fruth B, Boesch C. 1995. Census and distribution of chimpanzees in Ivory Coast. Primates 36: 591-607.<br>
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Bitty EA, Bi SG, Bene J-CK, Kouassi PK, McGraw WS. 2015. Cocoa farming and primate extirpation inside Cote d’Ivoire’s protected areas. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 95-113.
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Hoppe-Dominik B. 1991. Distribution and status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report 31: 45-75.<br>
+
 
−
Pullan RA. 1988. Conservation and the Development of National Parks in the Humid Tropics of Africa. Journal of Biogeography 15: 171-183.<br>
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Herbinger I. 2007. Chimpanzee Survey in Azagny National Park. Unpublished report.
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Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) 2012. Evaluation Rapide de la Diversité Faunique Terrestre de Quatre Parcs Nationaux en Côte d’Ivoire. Unpublished report.<br>
+
 
 +
Marchesi P, Marchesi N, Fruth B, Boesch C. 1995. Census and distribution of chimpanzees in Ivory Coast. Primates 36: 591-607.
 +
 
 +
Hoppe-Dominik B. 1991. Distribution and status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report 31: 45-75.
 +
 
 +
Pullan RA. 1988. Conservation and the Development of National Parks in the Humid Tropics of Africa. Journal of Biogeography 15: 171-183.
 +
 
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) 2012. Evaluation Rapide de la Diversité Faunique Terrestre de Quatre Parcs Nationaux en Côte d’Ivoire. Unpublished report.
 +
 
  
  
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 11/09/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA
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Latest revision as of 09:48, 18 March 2025

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Azagny National Park

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Azagny National Park.
  • It was estimated that 36 (95% CI: 13-97) weaned individuals occurred in the site in 2007.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 194 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are human intrusion, poaching and subsistence farming (illegal cocoa and rubber plantations).
  • No conservation activities were reported for Azagny National Park.
  • Only about a third of the park is presumably habitat that chimpanzees can effectively use.


Site characteristics

Azagny National Park is situated 100 km due west of Abidjan. The vegetation of the park is varied and mostly comprises swamps of various types, which cover two-thirds of the park, swamp-forest, inundated riverine forest, relatively small amounts of moist evergreen forest on areas of higher ground, and mangrove. There is also some littoral savanna woodland. Azagny was originally created a protected area in 1981 (Pullan 1988) in part for the conservation of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana) and forest buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), both of which occur in good numbers, benefiting from the protection of the swamps. Other mammals of global conservation concern include olive colobus (Procolobus verus), white-thighed colobus (Colobus vellerosus), white-naped mangabeys (Cercocebus lunulatus), Roloway’s monkeys (Cercopithecus roloway), and slender-snouted crocodiles (Crocodylus cataphractus, BirdLife International 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for Azagny National Park

Species 'Pan troglodytes verus
Area 194 km²
Coordinates Lat: 5.21 , Lon: -4.88
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Marine coastal/supratidal, Urban areas, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 1988 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991) and 1989-1990 (Marchesi et al. 1995), strip transect surveys were conducted and yielded estimates of 30 and 57 individuals, respectively (whereby the 1995 estimate includes only weaned individuals). A line transect survey conducted by Herbinger (2007) recorded 88 nests on 56 km of transects surveyed. Transects of 1 km length, oriented in direction west/east, were separated from each other by 1 km in each direction and distributed systematically throughout the park. The precision of the abundance estimate of 47 weaned individuals (equivalent to 59 individuals in total using a correction factor of 0.8) was very low (CV= 52.4%), due to the fact that nests were recorded on only five out of 56 transects. Another survey was conducted in 2012 and differed in methodology in that it was a Rapid Assessment that surveyed recces of a total length of 23.5 km (WCF 2012). Recces were located in areas with a high probability of chimpanzee presence (based on previous surveys and chimpanzee habitat preferences). These methodological differences preclude the calculation of a population trend.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Azagny National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1988 0.15 30 Azagny National Park (200 km²) Interviews, Strip transect Hoppe-Dominik 1991 Depending on habitat, straight strip transects were 20, 40 or 100 m wide
Pan troglodytes verus 1989-1990 1.64 57 Azagny National Park (217.4 km²) Informed guess Marchesi et al. 1995 Mean density calculated for the national parks of the Guinean belt
Pan troglodytes verus 2007 3.1 0.72 (0.27-1.92) 47 (18-125) Chimpanzee habitat within Azagny National Park (65 km²) Line transects Herbinger 2007 Total survey effort: 56 km, estimate includes only weaned individuals
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 5.02 Azagny National Park (174 km²) Reconnaissance walk WCF 2012 Recconaissance walk, total survey effort: 23.5 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2010-2013 Present Azagny National Park (194 km²) Reconnaissance walk Bitty et al. 2015 Recconaissance walk, not recorded for sites

Threats

The small population of chimpanzees in Azagny National Park is highly threatened because of habitat destruction, mainly illegal rubber and cocoa plantations, in an area that is naturally already partly unsuitable for chimpanzees due to deep swamp areas (Herbinger 2007). Bitty et al. (2015) estimated that about 40% (77.6 km2) of the natural habitat inside the park has already been converted into cocoa plantations. Moreover, high hunting pressure poses a direct threat to chimpanzee survival (Herbinger 2007, 2012, Bitty et al. 2015). Lastly, the strong and regular presence of humans within park borders due to fishing, hunting and agricultural activities exposes this small population to health risks related to human-chimpanzee disease transmission (Herbinger 2007).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Azagny National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent Bitty et al. (2015) estimate the human population size inside the park at zero.
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Cocoa and rubber plantations (Bitty et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Ongoing (2015)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species High (more than 70% of population affected) High risk of contracting human diseases by chimpanzees due to human intrusions (Bitty et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Although the site was legally protected in 1981, no additional conservation interventions have been reported for Azagny National Park.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Azagny National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is designated as a national park since 1981 (BirdLife International 2019). 1981-Ongoing (2024)
6 Species management 6.7 Translocate (capture & release) wild apes from human impacted sites to natural habitat elsewhere 20 Liberian chimpanzees were released on an island on the park border in 1985; six remained in 1995 (Hoppe-Dominik 1991, Marchesi et al. 1995) 1985.0

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Economic, political, and social unrest, including a civil war (2002-2004), has been cited as an impediment (Bitty et al. 2015).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Azagny National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
6 Safety and stability 6.3 Civil unrest/war Bitty et al. 2015

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Azagny National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

All the above listed surveys also recorded information on human impact.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Azagny National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Azagny National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 10/09/2019.

Bitty EA, Bi SG, Bene J-CK, Kouassi PK, McGraw WS. 2015. Cocoa farming and primate extirpation inside Cote d’Ivoire’s protected areas. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 95-113.

Herbinger I. 2007. Chimpanzee Survey in Azagny National Park. Unpublished report.

Marchesi P, Marchesi N, Fruth B, Boesch C. 1995. Census and distribution of chimpanzees in Ivory Coast. Primates 36: 591-607.

Hoppe-Dominik B. 1991. Distribution and status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report 31: 45-75.

Pullan RA. 1988. Conservation and the Development of National Parks in the Humid Tropics of Africa. Journal of Biogeography 15: 171-183.

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) 2012. Evaluation Rapide de la Diversité Faunique Terrestre de Quatre Parcs Nationaux en Côte d’Ivoire. Unpublished report.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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