Difference between revisions of "Budongo Central Forest Reserve"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]
 
[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]
  
−
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Budongo_Central_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Budongo_Central_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Budongo_Central_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Budongo_Central_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Budongo_Central_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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[[File:Budongo_chimpanzee.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Budongo chimpanzees © Cat Hobaiter]]  
+
 
 +
__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.780 , 31.572~[[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
 
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Budongo Central Forest Reserve.
 
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Budongo Central Forest Reserve.
 +
* The population size was estimated at 584 (CI: 356-723) for  the year 2000.
 
* The population trend is decreasing.
 
* The population trend is decreasing.
 
* The site has a total size of 435 km².
 
* The site has a total size of 435 km².
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* The BCFS was founded in 1990 by Professor Vernon Reynolds, who first started studying chimpanzees in the Budongo forest in 1962.
 
* The BCFS was founded in 1990 by Professor Vernon Reynolds, who first started studying chimpanzees in the Budongo forest in 1962.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
[[File:Budongo_chimpanzee.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Budongo chimpanzees © Cat Hobaiter]]
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
The Budongo Forest is a moist, semi-deciduous tropical rain forest located at the top of the Albertine Rift, situated between 1° 37 N - 2° 03 N and 31° 22 - 31° 46 E. It is classified as a Central Forest Reserve and comprises 435 km² of continuous forest cover. In addition there are numerous strips of riverine forest, perhaps some 100 km in total, forming arms of forest that stretch out into the surrounding areas, mainly sugar cane plantations and other cropland. The forest is of a medium altitude (average 1,100m). The land slopes from southeast to northwest, and its four main rivers, the Waisoke, the Sonso, the Kamirambwa and the Siba, flow towards the northwest towards the Albertine Rift. Annual rainfall varies between about 1200 and 2200 mm (average 1600 mm). Most rain falls between March and May and between September and November with a dry season between December and February. At this time, the daytime heat can be substantial, food supply is low, and chimpanzees spend much time on the forest floor in deep shade. In general, however, temperatures are relatively even during the year varying between 19°C and 32°C. The nearest large town is Masindi, but much of the land around Budongo Forest is under cultivation with houses, villages, schools and markets ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]).
 
The Budongo Forest is a moist, semi-deciduous tropical rain forest located at the top of the Albertine Rift, situated between 1° 37 N - 2° 03 N and 31° 22 - 31° 46 E. It is classified as a Central Forest Reserve and comprises 435 km² of continuous forest cover. In addition there are numerous strips of riverine forest, perhaps some 100 km in total, forming arms of forest that stretch out into the surrounding areas, mainly sugar cane plantations and other cropland. The forest is of a medium altitude (average 1,100m). The land slopes from southeast to northwest, and its four main rivers, the Waisoke, the Sonso, the Kamirambwa and the Siba, flow towards the northwest towards the Albertine Rift. Annual rainfall varies between about 1200 and 2200 mm (average 1600 mm). Most rain falls between March and May and between September and November with a dry season between December and February. At this time, the daytime heat can be substantial, food supply is low, and chimpanzees spend much time on the forest floor in deep shade. In general, however, temperatures are relatively even during the year varying between 19°C and 32°C. The nearest large town is Masindi, but much of the land around Budongo Forest is under cultivation with houses, villages, schools and markets ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|435 km²
 
|435 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|1.780 N, 31.572 E
+
|Lat: 1.780 , Lon:  31.572
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|Central Forest Reserve
+
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, grassland, subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest  
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Grassland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
+
= Ape status =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
 
−
! Species
+
 
−
! Year
+
 
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Species
−
! Area
+
!Year
−
! Method
+
!Occurrence
−
! Source
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Comments
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
!Survey area
 +
!Sampling method
 +
!Analytical framework
 +
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 
|2000
 
|2000
−
|639 (392-796)
+
|
 +
|
 
|1.36
 
|1.36
 +
|584 (356-723)
 +
|Budongo Forest
 +
|Line transects
 
|
 
|
−
|Budongo Forest
 
−
|Line transects (Distance)
 
 
|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003
 
|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003
 
|Survey effort: 513.7 km
 
|Survey effort: 513.7 km
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|2009
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|1.89
 +
|
 +
|Budongo Forest
 +
|Line transects
 +
|
 +
|Babweteera et al. 2009
 +
|Survey effort: 423.5 km
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
 
 +
= Threats =
  
 
Key threats to chimpanzees include snares set by hunters (typically targeting duiker and pigs), loss of trees around forest edge due to settlement, loss of trees inside forest due to timber extraction and charcoal production, and human-to-chimpanzee disease transmission ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]; Reynolds 2005)
 
Key threats to chimpanzees include snares set by hunters (typically targeting duiker and pigs), loss of trees around forest edge due to settlement, loss of trees inside forest due to timber extraction and charcoal production, and human-to-chimpanzee disease transmission ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]; Reynolds 2005)
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
−
|The forest edge is affected
 
−
|Encroachment of forest habitat for farming (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
−
|Ongoing (2020)
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Energy production & mining
 
−
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
 
−
|High
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Oil production by Total is taking place close to Budongo forest, to the north and west, along the land adjacent to Lake Albert. This work is leading to air pollution, noise pollution, upgrading of forest tracks to wide tarmacked roads for heavy traffic, increased accessibility to the forest interior for poachers, loggers, traffickers and dispossessed landless peasants, and as a result increased vulnerability of chimpanzees to human infections and interference. These threats are detailed in an Environmental Impact Assessment by Total: http://nema.go.ug/sites/all/themes/nema/docs/TILENGA%20ESIA%20Volume%20III_13-09-18.pdf  (vol III Plants and Wildlife). A summary of the above (Reynolds 2020) is available by request from Prof. V. Reynolds (vreynolds@btopenworld.com).
 
−
|Ongoing (2020)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Oil production by Total is taking place close to Budongo forest, to the north and west, along the land adjacent to Lake Albert. This work is leading to air pollution, noise pollution, upgrading of forest tracks to wide tarmacked roads for heavy traffic, increased accessibility to the forest interior for poachers, loggers, traffickers and dispossessed landless peasants, and as a result increased vulnerability of chimpanzees to human infections and interference. These threats are detailed in an [http://nema.go.ug/sites/all/themes/nema/docs/TILENGA%20ESIA%20Volume%20III_13-09-18.pdf Environmental Impact Assessment by Total] (vol III Plants and Wildlife). A summary of the above (Reynolds 2020) is available by request from Prof. V. Reynolds (vreynolds@btopenworld.com).
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 +
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Two tracks through forest to be upgraded to roads for heavy traffic; see item 3.
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|The whole forest is affected.
 
 
|Snares present in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|Snares present in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|The whole forest is affected.
 
 
|Loss of trees for charcoal burning and firewood. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|Loss of trees for charcoal burning and firewood. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|
+
|8.4 Pathogens
−
|Absent
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Chimpanzees are prone to human respiratory and parasitic infections. Respiratory outbreaks that were typical are now more often lethal. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Asiimwe, Ankwasa & Mugabe 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|9 Pollution
−
|
+
|9.6 Energy emissions
−
|Absent
+
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Noise and air pollution are beginning threats. Noise brought by illegal users (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|The whole forest is affected.
+
|Intermittent threat. Encroachment of forest habitat for farming and monoculture (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
−
|Respiratory outbreaks that were typical are now more often lethal. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Asiimwe, Ankwasa & Mugabe 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|10. Geological Events
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|The whole forest is affected.
 
 
|Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Eryenyu et al. 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 
|Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Eryenyu et al. 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
−
|Absent
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
+
|Climate change, see item 11.
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 +
|12.1 Other threat
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Increasing pressure of growing human population. Tens of thousands of displaced villagers who have lost their land are currently in camps. Road upgrades will give access to forest (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 +
|Near future
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
 
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Category
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 +
|Presence of snare removers and Field Assistants daily in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 +
|Collaboration and sensitisation work with the local community (e.g. goat farming scheme, which aims to reduce reliance on bushmeat; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005; [http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|3 Species health
 +
|3.10 Treat sick/injured apes
 +
|Provide veterinary care (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 
|
 
|
−
|Studies on crop-raiding mitigation measures (e.g., buffer crops, resilient crops; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|Not reported
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Community conservation clubs in local schools (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|Liaison with NFA re-enforcement of forest protection (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|7 Economic & other incentives
−
|Not reported
+
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
 +
|Projects to support alternative income generation for local families, in particular training opportunities for women (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 
−
|Presence of snare removers and Field Assistants daily in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Direct help to communities i.e. latrine improvements, domestic animal veterinary and human health services (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
|
 
|
−
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 
−
|Collaboration and sensitisation work with the local community (e.g. goat farming scheme, which aims to reduce reliance on bushmeat; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005; [http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]).
 
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
In addition to a lack of law enforcement, oil extraction in Lake Albert which has cut a major road through the forest and increased local population density (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.2 Lack of government support
 +
|[http://nema.go.ug/sites/all/themes/nema/docs/TILENGA%20ESIA%20Volume%20III_13-09-18.pdf Total Oil, Environmental Impact Assessment, Vol. III]
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|
−
|Community conservation clubs in local schools (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2020)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
 
−
|Projects to support alternative income generation for local families, in particular training opportunities for women (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
−
|Ongoing (2020)
 
−
|-
 
 
|
 
|
−
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 
−
|Direct help to communities i.e. latrine improvements, domestic animal veterinary and human health services (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
 
−
|Ongoing (2020)
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
  
−
In addition to a lack of law enforcement, oil extraction in Lake Albert which has cut a major road through the forest and increased local population density (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
Research activities have been very extensive since 1990 (see [http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]). Current work includes chimpanzee communication, cognition, tool-use, demography, social behaviour, and health. Primate and avian behavioural ecology. Work on phenology and fruiting patterns (in particular in relation to an apparent decline in fruiting). Human-wildlife interactions, and human-wildlife health monitoring. Long-term data includes chimpanzee behavioural, demographic, health, and ranging data, phenological data, illegal activities data, and meteorological data ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]; Reynolds 2005)
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
+
[[File:Optimized-BCFR Sat map.jpeg| 300px | thumb| right | Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
= Documented behaviours =
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
  
−
Research activities have been very extensive since 1990 (see [http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]). Current work includes chimpanzee communication, cognition, tool-use, demography, social behaviour, and health. Primate and avian behavioural ecology. Work on phenology and fruiting patterns (in particular in relation to an apparent decline in fruiting). Human-wildlife interactions, and human-wildlife health monitoring. Long-term data includes chimpanzee behavioural, demographic, health, and ranging data, phenological data, illegal activities data, and meteorological data ([http://www.budongo.org/ BCFS]; Reynolds 2005)
 
−
[[File:Optimized-BCFR Sat map.jpeg| 300px | thumb| right | Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]
 
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Budongo Central Forest Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
 
−
[http://www.budongo.org/ Budongo Conservation Field Station]<br>
 
−
[https://twitter.com/BudongoChimps Budongo Chimps Twitter]<br>
 
−
[https://www.facebook.com/Budongo-Conservation-Field-Station-111160629076237 Budongo Conservation Field Station Facebook]<br>
 
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
[http://www.budongo.org/ Budongo Conservation Field Station]
 +
 
 +
[https://twitter.com/BudongoChimps Budongo Chimps Twitter]
 +
 
 +
[https://www.facebook.com/Budongo-Conservation-Field-Station-111160629076237 Budongo Conservation Field Station Facebook]
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Asiimwe, C., Akankwasa, W. & Mugabe, T. (2019). Prevalence and associated risk factors for respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated chimpanzee communities under chimpanzee health monitoring in the Albertine Rift or Uganda in the past five years. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/ <br>
 
−
Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS). (n.d.). Retrieved from:  http://www.budongo.org/ <br>
 
−
Eryenyu,D., Nyombi, H., Asiimwe, C., Businge, M., Muhanguzi, G. & Babweetera, F. (2019). Implications in change in fruiting phenology on primate foraging behavior. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/ <br>
 
−
Plumptre A.J., Cox, D. & Mugume, S. (2003). The Status of Chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society. <br>
 
−
Reynolds, V. (2005). The chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, behaviour, and conservation. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Asiimwe, C., Akankwasa, W. & Mugabe, T. (2019). Prevalence and associated risk factors for respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated chimpanzee communities under chimpanzee health monitoring in the Albertine Rift or Uganda in the past five years. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/
−
'''Page completed by: '''Cat Hobaiter & Vernon Reynolds''' Date:''' 19/11/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Babweteera, F, Haenni, D.C., Plumptre, A.J., Richardson, J., Hughes, L. & Apel, P. (2009). Primate and large mammal survey of Budongo Forest Reserve. Unpublished report.
 +
 
 +
Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS). (n.d.). Retrieved from:  http://www.budongo.org/
 +
 
 +
Eryenyu,D., Nyombi, H., Asiimwe, C., Businge, M., Muhanguzi, G. & Babweetera, F. (2019). Implications in change in fruiting phenology on primate foraging behavior. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/
 +
 
 +
Plumptre A.J., Cox, D. & Mugume, S. (2003). The Status of Chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society.
 +
 
 +
Reynolds, V. (2005). The chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, behaviour, and conservation. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
 +
 
 +
Reynolds, V. (2020). Background info for Uganda's OIL oil extraction project: ESIAs from 2018 + some more recent information (unpublished).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''Cat Hobaiter & Vernon Reynolds''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:49, 18 March 2025

East Africa > Uganda > Budongo Central Forest Reserve

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Summary

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  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Budongo Central Forest Reserve.
  • The population size was estimated at 584 (CI: 356-723) for the year 2000.
  • The population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 435 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, transmission of respiratory diseases, and human encroachment.
  • The Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS) is actively involved in the implementation of conservation activities, such as conservation awareness raising, alternative livelihood programs, and providing veterinary care.
  • The BCFS was founded in 1990 by Professor Vernon Reynolds, who first started studying chimpanzees in the Budongo forest in 1962.


Budongo chimpanzees © Cat Hobaiter

Site characteristics

The Budongo Forest is a moist, semi-deciduous tropical rain forest located at the top of the Albertine Rift, situated between 1° 37 N - 2° 03 N and 31° 22 - 31° 46 E. It is classified as a Central Forest Reserve and comprises 435 km² of continuous forest cover. In addition there are numerous strips of riverine forest, perhaps some 100 km in total, forming arms of forest that stretch out into the surrounding areas, mainly sugar cane plantations and other cropland. The forest is of a medium altitude (average 1,100m). The land slopes from southeast to northwest, and its four main rivers, the Waisoke, the Sonso, the Kamirambwa and the Siba, flow towards the northwest towards the Albertine Rift. Annual rainfall varies between about 1200 and 2200 mm (average 1600 mm). Most rain falls between March and May and between September and November with a dry season between December and February. At this time, the daytime heat can be substantial, food supply is low, and chimpanzees spend much time on the forest floor in deep shade. In general, however, temperatures are relatively even during the year varying between 19°C and 32°C. The nearest large town is Masindi, but much of the land around Budongo Forest is under cultivation with houses, villages, schools and markets (BCFS).

Table 1. Basic site information for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Species 'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Area 435 km²
Coordinates Lat: 1.780 , Lon: 31.572
Type of site Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Grassland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2000 1.36 584 (356-723) Budongo Forest Line transects Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003 Survey effort: 513.7 km
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2009 1.89 Budongo Forest Line transects Babweteera et al. 2009 Survey effort: 423.5 km


Threats

Key threats to chimpanzees include snares set by hunters (typically targeting duiker and pigs), loss of trees around forest edge due to settlement, loss of trees inside forest due to timber extraction and charcoal production, and human-to-chimpanzee disease transmission (BCFS; Reynolds 2005)

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
10 Geological events Absent
3 Energy production & mining 3.1 Oil & gas drilling High (more than 70% of population affected) Oil production by Total is taking place close to Budongo forest, to the north and west, along the land adjacent to Lake Albert. This work is leading to air pollution, noise pollution, upgrading of forest tracks to wide tarmacked roads for heavy traffic, increased accessibility to the forest interior for poachers, loggers, traffickers and dispossessed landless peasants, and as a result increased vulnerability of chimpanzees to human infections and interference. These threats are detailed in an Environmental Impact Assessment by Total (vol III Plants and Wildlife). A summary of the above (Reynolds 2020) is available by request from Prof. V. Reynolds (vreynolds@btopenworld.com). Ongoing (2020)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High (more than 70% of population affected) Two tracks through forest to be upgraded to roads for heavy traffic; see item 3. Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Snares present in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) Loss of trees for charcoal burning and firewood. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.4 Pathogens High (more than 70% of population affected) Chimpanzees are prone to human respiratory and parasitic infections. Respiratory outbreaks that were typical are now more often lethal. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Asiimwe, Ankwasa & Mugabe 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
9 Pollution 9.6 Energy emissions Low (up to 30% of population affected) Noise and air pollution are beginning threats. Noise brought by illegal users (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020) Ongoing (2020)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium (30-70% of population affected) Intermittent threat. Encroachment of forest habitat for farming and monoculture (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
11 Climate change & severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration Present (unknown severity) Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Eryenyu et al. 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
7 Natural system modifications 7.3 Other ecosystem modifications Present (unknown severity) Climate change, see item 11. Ongoing (2020)
12 Other threat 12.1 Other threat Present (unknown severity) Increasing pressure of growing human population. Tens of thousands of displaced villagers who have lost their land are currently in camps. Road upgrades will give access to forest (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020). Near future

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Presence of snare removers and Field Assistants daily in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms Collaboration and sensitisation work with the local community (e.g. goat farming scheme, which aims to reduce reliance on bushmeat; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005; BCFS). Ongoing (2020)
3 Species health 3.10 Treat sick/injured apes Provide veterinary care (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Community conservation clubs in local schools (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Liaison with NFA re-enforcement of forest protection (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020) Ongoing (2020)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) Projects to support alternative income generation for local families, in particular training opportunities for women (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) Direct help to communities i.e. latrine improvements, domestic animal veterinary and human health services (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005). Ongoing (2020)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

In addition to a lack of law enforcement, oil extraction in Lake Albert which has cut a major road through the forest and increased local population density (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020
4 Institutional support 4.2 Lack of government support Total Oil, Environmental Impact Assessment, Vol. III


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Research activities have been very extensive since 1990 (see BCFS). Current work includes chimpanzee communication, cognition, tool-use, demography, social behaviour, and health. Primate and avian behavioural ecology. Work on phenology and fruiting patterns (in particular in relation to an apparent decline in fruiting). Human-wildlife interactions, and human-wildlife health monitoring. Long-term data includes chimpanzee behavioural, demographic, health, and ranging data, phenological data, illegal activities data, and meteorological data (BCFS; Reynolds 2005)

Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Budongo Central Forest Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Budongo Conservation Field Station

Budongo Chimps Twitter

Budongo Conservation Field Station Facebook

Relevant datasets

References

Asiimwe, C., Akankwasa, W. & Mugabe, T. (2019). Prevalence and associated risk factors for respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated chimpanzee communities under chimpanzee health monitoring in the Albertine Rift or Uganda in the past five years. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/

Babweteera, F, Haenni, D.C., Plumptre, A.J., Richardson, J., Hughes, L. & Apel, P. (2009). Primate and large mammal survey of Budongo Forest Reserve. Unpublished report.

Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS). (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.budongo.org/

Eryenyu,D., Nyombi, H., Asiimwe, C., Businge, M., Muhanguzi, G. & Babweetera, F. (2019). Implications in change in fruiting phenology on primate foraging behavior. Paper presented at the 2nd African Primatological Society conference. Retrieved from: https://apsuganda.africanprimatologicalsociety.org/book-of-abstracts/

Plumptre A.J., Cox, D. & Mugume, S. (2003). The Status of Chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society.

Reynolds, V. (2005). The chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, behaviour, and conservation. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Reynolds, V. (2020). Background info for Uganda's OIL oil extraction project: ESIAs from 2018 + some more recent information (unpublished).


Page created by: Cat Hobaiter & Vernon Reynolds Date: NA

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