Difference between revisions of "Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area]]
  
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[[File: Map_SLE_Bumbuna.png | 400px | thumb| right | Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area (Sierra Leone) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bumbuna_Dam_Catchment_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bumbuna_Dam_Catchment_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bumbuna_Dam_Catchment_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bumbuna_Dam_Catchment_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bumbuna_Dam_Catchment_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
+
__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
  
−
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area.  
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|9.07, -11.72~[[Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
−
* It has been estimated that 388 individuals occur at the site.  
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.  
+
* It has been estimated that 388 individuals occur at the site.
−
* This site has a total size of 2,981 km².  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees include displacement due to a large hydroelectric project, hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and mining.  
+
* This site has a total size of 2,981 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees include displacement due to a large hydroelectric project, hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and mining.
 
* The Bumbuna Conservation Area was established within the catchment area to protect some of the biodiversity. In addition, Loma Mountains National Park was established to offset the environmental impacts of the Bumbuna dam.
 
* The Bumbuna Conservation Area was established within the catchment area to protect some of the biodiversity. In addition, Loma Mountains National Park was established to offset the environmental impacts of the Bumbuna dam.
 
* The area features Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric power plant, which has been operational since 2009.
 
* The area features Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric power plant, which has been operational since 2009.
  
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Situated in the central part of the country, the site contains Sierra Leone’s [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown first hydroelectric dam], supplied by the Seli river (Thompson 2010). The [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ power plant] has been in operation since 2009, and current plans of the project involve the construction of a second dam 30 km upstream from Bumbuna, at Yiben. The site is located at the base of the Sula Mountains and it is characterized by a forest savanna mosaic. In addition to the Western chimpanzee, the area hosts other endangered species, including pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Ganas-Sawaray et al. 2018).
 
Situated in the central part of the country, the site contains Sierra Leone’s [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown first hydroelectric dam], supplied by the Seli river (Thompson 2010). The [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ power plant] has been in operation since 2009, and current plans of the project involve the construction of a second dam 30 km upstream from Bumbuna, at Yiben. The site is located at the base of the Sula Mountains and it is characterized by a forest savanna mosaic. In addition to the Western chimpanzee, the area hosts other endangered species, including pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Ganas-Sawaray et al. 2018).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
|Species
−
|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|'Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|2,981 km²
 
|2,981 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|9.07 N, 11.72 W
+
|Lat: 9.07 , Lon:  -11.72
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
−
|None
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Savanna, Water Storage Areas
+
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Artificial aquatic (water storage)
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
−
<br>
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Local communities have reported that the chimpanzee population is decreasing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Furthermore, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2018 indicate a population decline in the Bumbuna Conservation Area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Based on survey data collected in 2017-2018, it was predicted that the entire catchment area hosts approximately 388 chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The 2017-2018 survey was complemented by recce surveys, camera trapping, and genetic analysis (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
 
Local communities have reported that the chimpanzee population is decreasing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Furthermore, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2018 indicate a population decline in the Bumbuna Conservation Area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Based on survey data collected in 2017-2018, it was predicted that the entire catchment area hosts approximately 388 chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The 2017-2018 survey was complemented by recce surveys, camera trapping, and genetic analysis (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
−
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
!Species
−
! Species
+
!Year
−
! Year
+
!Occurrence
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Survey area
−
! Method
+
!Sampling method
−
! Source
+
!Analytical framework
−
! Comments
+
!Source
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2006
 
|2006
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.44-3.6
 
|33-58
 
|33-58
−
|0.44-3.6
 
−
|
 
 
|Home range of 4 chimpanzee communities (i.e., not the entire catchment area)
 
|Home range of 4 chimpanzee communities (i.e., not the entire catchment area)
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|Nippon Koei UK 2007 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
 
|Nippon Koei UK 2007 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
 
|At least four communities present in the area
 
|At least four communities present in the area
Line 78: Line 76:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2017-2018
 
|2017-2018
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.13 (0.06-0.32)
 
|30 (12-72)
 
|30 (12-72)
−
|0.13 (0.06-0.32)
+
|Bumbuna Conservation Unit, and areas surrounding Bumbuna power plant and Yiben reservoir
 +
|Line transects & recces
 
|
 
|
−
|Bumbuna Conservation Unit, and areas surrounding Bumbuna power plant and Yiben reservoir
 
−
|Line transects (Distance), index survey
 
 
|Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018
 
|Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018
 
|Line transect survey effort: 79.5 km, reconnaissance survey, presence of 7 chimpanzee groups was confirmed
 
|Line transect survey effort: 79.5 km, reconnaissance survey, presence of 7 chimpanzee groups was confirmed
Line 88: Line 88:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
The Bumbuna hydroelectric project represents a major threat to the chimpanzee population in the area. The planned flooding of the inundation area will completely, or almost completely, reduce the home ranges of three chimpanzee groups, and four other groups ranging close the boundaries of the inundation area are also likely to be adversely affected (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The hydroelectric project also indirectly impacts chimpanzees. The displacement of some chimpanzee groups into the home ranges of other groups may lead to fatalities, due to the territorial nature of chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Displaced chimpanzees may also come into conflict with humans due to competition for the same resources (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Thus, in combination with the current rates of habitat loss and hunting, the development of the project puts an immense pressure on the chimpanzee population (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018; Nippon Koei 2005).
 
The Bumbuna hydroelectric project represents a major threat to the chimpanzee population in the area. The planned flooding of the inundation area will completely, or almost completely, reduce the home ranges of three chimpanzee groups, and four other groups ranging close the boundaries of the inundation area are also likely to be adversely affected (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The hydroelectric project also indirectly impacts chimpanzees. The displacement of some chimpanzee groups into the home ranges of other groups may lead to fatalities, due to the territorial nature of chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Displaced chimpanzees may also come into conflict with humans due to competition for the same resources (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Thus, in combination with the current rates of habitat loss and hunting, the development of the project puts an immense pressure on the chimpanzee population (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018; Nippon Koei 2005).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
−
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
!Category
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Description
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
|-
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
+
|9 Pollution
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|12 Other threat
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|
−
|Present
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Villages are present in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
−
|Ongoing (2018)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, MoEWR 2010)
 
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, MoEWR 2010)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Presence of livestock in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Presence of livestock in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
−
|Present
 
−
|
 
−
|Artisanal gold mining (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, Nippon Koei 2005)
 
−
|Ongoing (2018)
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Footpaths, logging roads, and abandoned motor roads (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Footpaths, logging roads, and abandoned motor roads (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Hunting signs present (e.g., gun shells, snares, lookout platforms); in addition, interview data revealed that chimpanzees are hunted in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Hunting signs present (e.g., gun shells, snares, lookout platforms); in addition, interview data revealed that chimpanzees are hunted in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 +
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Displacement of chimpanzees due to flooding of inundation area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.1 Residential areas
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Villages are present in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Artisanal gold mining (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, Nippon Koei 2005)
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|Present
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
 
 
|Signs of logging, forest in the area is highly fragmented (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Signs of logging, forest in the area is highly fragmented (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
−
|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
+
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|Present
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
 
 
|Fishing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Fishing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
 
−
|High
 
−
|
 
−
|Displacement of chimpanzees due to flooding of inundation area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
−
|Ongoing (2018)
 
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 +
The Bumbuna Conservation Area (BCA) is a small protected area (3,532 ha) that was established in 2008 with the aim of conserving some of the biodiversity in the reservoir area (MoEWR 2010; Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 +
!Category
 +
!Specific activity
 +
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|Absent
+
|Bumbuna Conservation Area was established in 2008, however the number of chimpanzees has declined in the area due to habitat loss (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
−
|
 
−
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|12. Other options
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
= Enablers =
  
−
The Bumbuna Conservation Area (BCA) is a small protected area (3,532 ha) that was established in 2008 with the aim of conserving some of the biodiversity in the reservoir area (MoEWR 2010; Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
 
−
However, the BCA was deemed insufficient to compensate for the adverse environmental impacts, and as an additional offset, the Loma Mountain Non-Hunting Forest Reserve was upgraded to national park, which is now called the [https://www.protectedplanet.net/loma-mountains-national-park Loma Mountains National Park] (MoEWR 2010). Furthermore, there is a lack of conservation activities in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
 
  
  
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific enablers
−
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Source
−
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|10. Education & Awareness
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|Bumbuna Conservation Area was established in 2008, however the number of chimpanzees has declined in the area due to habitat loss (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
 
−
|Ongoing (2018)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
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No information on research activities has been documented.
  
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'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
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= Documented behaviours =
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
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!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!Behavior
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!Source
 
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
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No information on research activities has been documented.
 
  
  
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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= External links =
  
  
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'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
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!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
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|Not reported
 
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= Relevant datasets =
  
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===Relevant datasets===
 
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
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<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
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Ganas–Swaray, J., Arandjelovic, M., Casado, N., Campbell, G., Garriga, R., Serckx, A. 2018. Primate and large mammal targeted surveys, Phase II Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam, Sierra Leone: Priority species. Final Report. Online: [http://www.selihydropower.sl/Content/documents/BBII%20Primate%20&%20Large%20Mammal%20wet%20and%20dry%20season%20Report%2008-08-2018_FINAL.pdf  www.selihydropower.sl]<br>
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Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
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Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR). 2010. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Environmental and Social Management Project (ESMP).<br>
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Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah, Environmental Foundation for Africa. 2005. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 44 pp; Vol. 2: Environmental Impact Assessment, 299 pp; Vol. 3: Appendices, 364 pp.<br>
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Ganas–Swaray, J., Arandjelovic, M., Casado, N., Campbell, G., Garriga, R., Serckx, A. 2018. Primate and large mammal targeted surveys, Phase II Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam, Sierra Leone: Priority species. Final Report. Online: [http://www.selihydropower.sl/Content/documents/BBII%20Primate%20&%20Large%20Mammal%20wet%20and%20dry%20season%20Report%2008-08-2018_FINAL.pdf  www.selihydropower.sl]
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Thompson, F. 2010. Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown. Voice of America. Online: [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown  www.voanews.com]<br>
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 +
Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR). 2010. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Environmental and Social Management Project (ESMP).
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 +
Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah, Environmental Foundation for Africa. 2005. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 44 pp; Vol. 2: Environmental Impact Assessment, 299 pp; Vol. 3: Appendices, 364 pp.
 +
 
 +
Thompson, F. 2010. Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown. Voice of America. Online: [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown  www.voanews.com]
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
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Latest revision as of 09:49, 18 March 2025

West Africa > Sierra Leone > Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area.
  • It has been estimated that 388 individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
  • This site has a total size of 2,981 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees include displacement due to a large hydroelectric project, hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and mining.
  • The Bumbuna Conservation Area was established within the catchment area to protect some of the biodiversity. In addition, Loma Mountains National Park was established to offset the environmental impacts of the Bumbuna dam.
  • The area features Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric power plant, which has been operational since 2009.


Site characteristics

Situated in the central part of the country, the site contains Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric dam, supplied by the Seli river (Thompson 2010). The power plant has been in operation since 2009, and current plans of the project involve the construction of a second dam 30 km upstream from Bumbuna, at Yiben. The site is located at the base of the Sula Mountains and it is characterized by a forest savanna mosaic. In addition to the Western chimpanzee, the area hosts other endangered species, including pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Ganas-Sawaray et al. 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Species 'Pan troglodytes verus
Area 2,981 km²
Coordinates Lat: 9.07 , Lon: -11.72
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Artificial aquatic (water storage)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Local communities have reported that the chimpanzee population is decreasing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Furthermore, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2018 indicate a population decline in the Bumbuna Conservation Area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Based on survey data collected in 2017-2018, it was predicted that the entire catchment area hosts approximately 388 chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The 2017-2018 survey was complemented by recce surveys, camera trapping, and genetic analysis (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2006 0.44-3.6 33-58 Home range of 4 chimpanzee communities (i.e., not the entire catchment area) Unknown Nippon Koei UK 2007 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010 At least four communities present in the area
Pan troglodytes verus 2017-2018 0.13 (0.06-0.32) 30 (12-72) Bumbuna Conservation Unit, and areas surrounding Bumbuna power plant and Yiben reservoir Line transects & recces Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018 Line transect survey effort: 79.5 km, reconnaissance survey, presence of 7 chimpanzee groups was confirmed

Threats

The Bumbuna hydroelectric project represents a major threat to the chimpanzee population in the area. The planned flooding of the inundation area will completely, or almost completely, reduce the home ranges of three chimpanzee groups, and four other groups ranging close the boundaries of the inundation area are also likely to be adversely affected (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The hydroelectric project also indirectly impacts chimpanzees. The displacement of some chimpanzee groups into the home ranges of other groups may lead to fatalities, due to the territorial nature of chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Displaced chimpanzees may also come into conflict with humans due to competition for the same resources (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Thus, in combination with the current rates of habitat loss and hunting, the development of the project puts an immense pressure on the chimpanzee population (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018; Nippon Koei 2005).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
9 Pollution Absent
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Slash-and-burn agriculture (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, MoEWR 2010) Ongoing (2018)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching High (more than 70% of population affected) Presence of livestock in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High (more than 70% of population affected) Footpaths, logging roads, and abandoned motor roads (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Hunting signs present (e.g., gun shells, snares, lookout platforms); in addition, interview data revealed that chimpanzees are hunted in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
7 Natural system modifications 7.2 Dams & water management/use High (more than 70% of population affected) Displacement of chimpanzees due to flooding of inundation area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Present (unknown severity) Villages are present in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Present (unknown severity) Artisanal gold mining (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, Nippon Koei 2005) Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Signs of logging, forest in the area is highly fragmented (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Fishing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Bumbuna Conservation Area (BCA) is a small protected area (3,532 ha) that was established in 2008 with the aim of conserving some of the biodiversity in the reservoir area (MoEWR 2010; Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Bumbuna Conservation Area was established in 2008, however the number of chimpanzees has declined in the area due to habitat loss (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Ganas–Swaray, J., Arandjelovic, M., Casado, N., Campbell, G., Garriga, R., Serckx, A. 2018. Primate and large mammal targeted surveys, Phase II Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam, Sierra Leone: Priority species. Final Report. Online: www.selihydropower.sl

Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR). 2010. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Environmental and Social Management Project (ESMP).

Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah, Environmental Foundation for Africa. 2005. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 44 pp; Vol. 2: Environmental Impact Assessment, 299 pp; Vol. 3: Appendices, 364 pp.

Thompson, F. 2010. Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown. Voice of America. Online: www.voanews.com


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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