Difference between revisions of "East Nimba Nature Reserve"

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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_East_Nimba_Reserve.png | 400px | thumb| right | East Nimba Nature Reserve  (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=300px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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__TOC__
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|7.510000, -8.530000 ~[[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]~Western Chimpanzee
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= Summary =
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}}
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</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.51, -8.53~[[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.  
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
−
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.  
+
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
−
* This site has a total size of 135 km².  
+
* This site has a total size of 135 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.  
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
 
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
 
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
 
* The site borders [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]] in Guinea.
 
* The site borders [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]] in Guinea.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
 
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|135 km²
 
|135 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|7.51 N, -8.53 W
+
|Lat: 7.51 , Lon:  -8.53
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
−
|Strict Nature Reserve
+
|Protected area (Strict Nature Reserve)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
−
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.  
+
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
  
−
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2010
 
|2010
−
|28
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|28
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017
 
|WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017
 
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
 
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
Line 76: Line 76:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2010-2011
 
|2010-2011
 +
|
 +
|0.17
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|0.17
 
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water)
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water)
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|CI 2012
 
|CI 2012
 
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
 
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
Line 87: Line 89:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2011-2012
 
|2011-2012
 +
|Present
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Present
 
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
 
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
Line 97: Line 101:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
 
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Slash-and-burn agriculture around the park  (CILSS 2016) and potential of encroachment (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (CILSS 2016)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|Ongoing (2016)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016)
 
|Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016)
 
|1969-1989
 
|1969-1989
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|5 Biological resource use
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
−
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016)
 
−
|Ongoing (2016)
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
 
−
|High
 
−
|
 
 
|High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013)
 
|High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
 
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
 
|1974-2014
 
|1974-2014
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Collection of NTFPs; especially fruit trees (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016)
 
|Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016)
 
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
 
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|Absent
+
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016). Two old roads are present, but with low traffic (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|
+
|-
 +
|7 Natural system modifications
 +
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 +
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
 +
|Fires sometimes started by farmers and hunters near the site (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|9 Pollution
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 +
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) have also contributed to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of a livelihood improvement project, CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange for a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 +
!Category
 +
!Specific activity
 +
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|FDA rangers and community eco guards conduct patrols (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−
|Absent
+
|FFI, UNOPS and PAPFor provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019). In the past, CI also conducted this activity (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 +
|CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|Unknown
+
|The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
= Enablers =
 +
 
  
−
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific enablers
−
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Source
−
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|10. Education & Awareness
 
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
−
|FFI and CI provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
 
|
 
|
−
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
−
|CI recruits Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
 
−
|Ongoing (2016)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
No information on research activities has been documented.
 +
 
 +
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
  
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Behavior
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
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No information on research activities has been documented.
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= External links =
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= Relevant datasets =
  
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
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'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
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!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
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!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
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|Not reported
 
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= References =
 
= References =
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Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.<br>
 
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CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf<br>
 
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CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.<br>
 
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FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve<br>
 
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Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.<br>
 
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Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
 
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UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
 
  
−
<br>
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Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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<br><br>
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CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf
 +
 
 +
CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.
 +
 
 +
FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve
 +
 
 +
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.
 +
 
 +
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191
 +
 
 +
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:51, 18 March 2025

West Africa > Liberia > East Nimba Nature Reserve

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • This site has a total size of 135 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
  • Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
  • The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea.


Site characteristics

East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic (species) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), Nimba otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei), Nimba flycatcher (Melaenornis annamarulae) and Nimba toad (Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis).

Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Species 'Pan troglodytes verus
Area 135 km²
Coordinates Lat: 7.51 , Lon: -8.53
Type of site Protected area (Strict Nature Reserve)
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 28 East Nimba Nature Reserve Reconnaissance walk WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017 ‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2010-2011 0.17 East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water) Reconnaissance walk CI 2012 ‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2011-2012 Present East Nimba Nature Reserve Line transects Tweh et al. 2014

Threats

Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Absent
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Slash-and-burn agriculture around the park (CILSS 2016) and potential of encroachment (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High (more than 70% of population affected) Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016) 1969-1989
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013) Ongoing (2013)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016) 1974-2014
5 Biological resource use 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High (more than 70% of population affected) Collection of NTFPs; especially fruit trees (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises High (more than 70% of population affected) Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016) 1989-1996, 1999-2003
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Low (up to 30% of population affected) Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016). Two old roads are present, but with low traffic (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low (up to 30% of population affected) Fires sometimes started by farmers and hunters near the site (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a (joint project) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) have also contributed to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of a livelihood improvement project, CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange for a monthly stipend (CI 2016).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols FDA rangers and community eco guards conduct patrols (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use FFI, UNOPS and PAPFor provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019). In the past, CI also conducted this activity (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016) Ongoing (2016)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019) Ongoing (2019)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.

CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf

CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.

FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve

Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.

Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191

UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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