Difference between revisions of "Grebo-Krahn National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_GreboKrahnNP_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Grebo-Krahn National Park (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Grebo-Krahn_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Grebo-Krahn_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Grebo-Krahn_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Grebo-Krahn_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Grebo-Krahn_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]
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__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.66, -7.53~[[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* It has been estimated that 313 (CI: 186-449) individuals occur in the site.
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|5.66, -7.53~[[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
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}}
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* This site has a total size of 971  km².
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</div>
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.  
 
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* It has been estimated that 313 (CI: 186-449) individuals occur in the site.  
 
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* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
 
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* This site has a total size of 971  km².  
 
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.  
 
 
* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.
 
* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
  
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Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012).  In addition to the western chimpanzee, several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippos (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).  
+
= Site characteristics =
 +
 
 +
Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012).  In addition to the western chimpanzee, several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippos (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|971.36 km²
 
|971.36 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|5.66, -7.53
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|Lat: 5.66 , Lon:  -7.53
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
−
|National Park
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
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= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015). Based on two population surveys in 2005 (Kouakou et al. 2012) and 2014 (Kouakou et al. 2014), Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable chimpanzee population trend for this site.
 
In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015). Based on two population surveys in 2005 (Kouakou et al. 2012) and 2014 (Kouakou et al. 2014), Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable chimpanzee population trend for this site.
  
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'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2005
 
|2005
 +
|Present
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Present
 
 
|Grebo National Forest
 
|Grebo National Forest
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|Barrie et al. 2007
 
|Barrie et al. 2007
 
|Camera traps and reconnaissance walk, nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
 
|Camera traps and reconnaissance walk, nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
Line 76: Line 75:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.111
 
|412 (216-787)
 
|412 (216-787)
−
|0.111
+
|Grebo National Forest
 +
|Line transects
 
|
 
|
−
|Grebo National Forest
 
−
|Line transects (Distance)
 
 
|Kouakou et al. 2012
 
|Kouakou et al. 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 178.21 km
 
|Total survey effort: 178.21 km
Line 87: Line 88:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.10
 
|352 (214-578)
 
|352 (214-578)
−
|0.10
+
|Grebo National Forest
 +
|Line transects
 
|
 
|
−
|Grebo National Forest
 
−
|Line transects (Distance)
 
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
Line 98: Line 101:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2013
 
|2013
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.289
 
|341 (139-836)
 
|341 (139-836)
−
|0.289
+
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 +
|Line transects
 
|
 
|
−
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
−
|Line transects (Distance)
 
 
|Kouakou et al. 2013
 
|Kouakou et al. 2013
 
|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
 
|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
Line 109: Line 114:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2014
 
|2014
 +
|
 +
|0.91
 +
|0.161
 
|247 (155-396)
 
|247 (155-396)
−
|0.161
 
−
|0.91
 
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Kouakou et al. 2014
 
|Kouakou et al. 2014
 
|Total survey effort: 242.73 km
 
|Total survey effort: 242.73 km
Line 120: Line 127:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2015
 
|2015
 +
|
 +
|1.01
 +
|0.230
 
|313 (186-449)
 
|313 (186-449)
−
|0.230
 
−
|1.01
 
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Furnell  et al. 2015
 
|Furnell  et al. 2015
 
|Total survey effort:  249.32 km
 
|Total survey effort:  249.32 km
Line 130: Line 139:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
 
Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (''Garcinia spp.'') harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).
 
Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (''Garcinia spp.'') harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|12 Other threat
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|
−
|Low
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015)
 
−
|Ongoing (2015)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
−
|Present
 
−
|5 farms found in the site in 2016 (WCF 2017)
 
−
|Farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park (Furnell et al. 2015, WCF 2017)
 
−
|Ongoing (2017)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
−
|Medium
 
−
|6 illegal mining sites in 2016 (WCF 2017)
 
−
|Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017)
 
−
|Ongoing (2017)
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites (Furnell et al. 2015)
 
|Logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites (Furnell et al. 2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|In 2016, 13 bushmeat hunting tents, 7 animal traps, 8 gunshots, and 503 cartridges were detected (WCF 2017)  
 
 
|Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017)
 
|Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|204 chewing stick harvesting sites found in 2016 (WCF 2017)
 
 
|Harvest of chewing stick (roots of ''Garcinia spp.'' (WCF 2017)
 
|Harvest of chewing stick (roots of ''Garcinia spp.'' (WCF 2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 +
|6.3 Other human disturbances
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick (WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.1 Residential areas
 +
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
 +
|Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|Low
+
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Logging (Furnell et al. 2015)
 
|Logging (Furnell et al. 2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|3 Energy production & mining
−
|6.3 Work & other activities
+
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|High
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017)
−
|Human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick (WCF 2017)
+
|Ongoing (2017)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park (Furnell et al. 2015, WCF 2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Other options
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat. In addition, the WCF is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a conservation corridor between Sapo National park and Grebo-Krahn National Park (WCF 2019).
 
The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat. In addition, the WCF is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a conservation corridor between Sapo National park and Grebo-Krahn National Park (WCF 2019).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
−
|Not reported
+
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
 +
|A survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|As part of the community eco-guard program, patrol missions are conducted (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
+
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
−
|A survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park (WCF 2019)
+
|Community eco-guards remove snares during patrols (WCF 2019)
 +
|
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 +
|Trainings are conducted for new eco-guards (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
 +
|Starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols (WCF 2017)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 +
|The WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat (WCF 2018); in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|As part of the community eco-guard program, patrol missions are conducted (WCF 2019)
 
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
−
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 
−
|Community eco-guards remove snares during patrols (WCF 2019)
 
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 +
|Theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
−
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
−
|Trainings are conducted for new eco-guards (WCF 2019)
 
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location
 +
|Community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA (WCF 2019)
 
|
 
|
−
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
+
|Ongoing (2019)
−
|Starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols (WCF 2017)
 
−
|Ongoing (2017)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018)
 
|
 
|
−
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 
−
|The WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat (WCF 2018); in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation (WCF 2019)
 
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location
+
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
−
|Community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA (WCF 2019)
+
|Demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities (WCF 2019, WCF 2017)
 +
|
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|
−
|Awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards (WCF 2019)
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2019)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 
−
|Theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation (WCF 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 
|
 
|
−
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
 
−
|Demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities (WCF 2019, WCF 2017)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Documented behaviours =
  
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
−
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
!Behavior
 +
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
  
 +
= External links =
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. 2007. Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.<br>
 
−
Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2015. Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
 
−
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, V., V., Dowd D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2012. Large mammal survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation & the Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.<br>
 
−
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2013. Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
 
−
Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2014. Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
 
−
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.<br>
 
−
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
 
−
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.<br>
 
−
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2018. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2017.<br>
 
−
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.<br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. 2007. Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.
−
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 30/08/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
−
<br><br>
+
Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2015. Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
 +
 
 +
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, V., V., Dowd D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2012. Large mammal survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation & the Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.
 +
 
 +
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2013. Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
 +
 
 +
Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2014. Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
 +
 
 +
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.
 +
 
 +
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191
 +
 
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.
 +
 
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2018. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2017.
 +
 
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:52, 18 March 2025

West Africa > Liberia > Grebo-Krahn National Park

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 313 (CI: 186-449) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • This site has a total size of 971 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.
  • Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.


Site characteristics

Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012). In addition to the western chimpanzee, several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), forest elephants (Loxodonta africana), pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), and Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana diana, Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).

Table 1. Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Species 'Pan troglodytes verus
Area 971.36 km²
Coordinates Lat: 5.66 , Lon: -7.53
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015). Based on two population surveys in 2005 (Kouakou et al. 2012) and 2014 (Kouakou et al. 2014), Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable chimpanzee population trend for this site.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2005 Present Grebo National Forest Reconnaissance walk Barrie et al. 2007 Camera traps and reconnaissance walk, nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 0.111 412 (216-787) Grebo National Forest Line transects Kouakou et al. 2012 Total survey effort: 178.21 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 0.10 352 (214-578) Grebo National Forest Line transects Tweh et al. 2014
Pan troglodytes verus 2013 0.289 341 (139-836) Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects Kouakou et al. 2013 Total survey effort: 51.5 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2014 0.91 0.161 247 (155-396) Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects Kouakou et al. 2014 Total survey effort: 242.73 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 1.01 0.230 313 (186-449) Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects Furnell et al. 2015 Total survey effort: 249.32 km

Threats

Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (Garcinia spp.) harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
12 Other threat Absent
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High (more than 70% of population affected) Logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
5 Biological resource use 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High (more than 70% of population affected) Harvest of chewing stick (roots of Garcinia spp. (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.3 Other human disturbances High (more than 70% of population affected) Human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Low (up to 30% of population affected) Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low (up to 30% of population affected) Logging (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Medium (30-70% of population affected) Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present (unknown severity) Farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park (Furnell et al. 2015, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat. In addition, the WCF is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a conservation corridor between Sapo National park and Grebo-Krahn National Park (WCF 2019).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land A survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols As part of the community eco-guard program, patrol missions are conducted (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Community eco-guards remove snares during patrols (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Trainings are conducted for new eco-guards (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols Starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms The WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat (WCF 2018); in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
4 Education & awareness 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5 Protection & restoration 5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location Community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2019)
5 Protection & restoration 5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas Demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities (WCF 2019, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2019)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. 2007. Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.

Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2015. Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.

Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, V., V., Dowd D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2012. Large mammal survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation & the Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.

Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2013. Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.

Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2014. Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.

Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.

Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2018. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2017.

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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