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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tiwai Island]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Tiwai Island.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 12 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.
* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ Tiwai island] is located in the Moa River, to the north of Gola Rainforest National Park’s western block. Tiwai Island was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1987 and it is managed by an administrative committee representing government, local communities, environmental organizations, and academic institutions (Klop et al. 2008). Over 700 plant species and 170 bird species have been identified on the island (Klop et al. 2008). The island has a remarkable concentration of primate species ([http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/wildlife/tiwai-biodiversity/ 11 in total]), and is also home to the endemic pygmy hippopotamus, and hundreds of bird species.
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|12 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|7.54 N, -11.35 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Wildlife sanctuary
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp, permanent rivers/streams/creeks
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The site was surveyed in 2009, but abundance estimates are not publicly available (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|
|
|Present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Whitesides et al. 1988
|sighting of one group
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1994
|
|
|Present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Fimbel 1994
|22 sightings of individual chimpanzees
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2007
|
|
|present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Klop et al. 2008
|Only presence confirmed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Farms were routinely established until 1982, when research activities started on the island, and the number of farm plots was limited (Fimbel 1994). Hunting intensity was also high on the island previous to the commencement of research activities (Oates 1999; Fimbel 1994). Research and conservation activities were disrupted during the years of civil war (Oates 1999) but resumed in 2004.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low
|
|Farming activities largely stopped in the 1980s (Klop et al. 2008, Fimbel 1994), but limited forest-product harvesting is permitted under current management (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|Hunting on the island was banned when research activities began (Fimbel 1994), but might still be ongoing (Lincoln et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Low
|
|Conservation and research activities came to a halt during the 10 years of civil war in Sierra Leone (Lindsell et al. 2011, Oates 1999)
|1991-2001
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Starting as a research site in the 1980s (Oates 1999), the island continues to rely on research and tourism as the key components of conservation efforts. Tiwai Island is Sierra Leone’s first [http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ community conservation program]. Tourist facilities and a research center are present at the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated as wildlife sanctuary in 1987 (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Research center at the site administered by Njala university, Hunter College, and the university of Miami (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Tourist facilities are present in the island (Klop et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Ecological research began in the early 1980s, focusing on the behavioral ecology of olive colobus monkeys (Klop et al. 2008).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Nut cracking
|Whitesides 1985
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Brncic TM, Amarasekaran B & McKenna A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Fimbel C. 1994. The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Biological Conservation 70. 277-286.<br>
Klop E, Lindsell JA & Siaka A. 2008. Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Unpublished Report. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK, and Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Lincoln R. Larson, April L. Conway, Sonia M. Hernandez and John P. Carroll (2016) Human-wildlife Conflict, Conservation Attitudes, and a Potential Role for Citizen Science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation & Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 205-217.<br>
Lindsell, J. A., Klop, E. and Siaka, A. (2011) The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Oryx 45:69–77.<br>
Oates JF. 1999. Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 59-90.<br>
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary. 2019. http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/guidelines/<br>
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, official website: http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/<br>
Whitesides GH. 1985. Nut cracking by wild chimpanzees in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Primates 26: 91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02389050<br>
Whitesides GH et al. 1988. Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 345-367<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tiwai Island]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Tiwai Island.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 12 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.
* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ Tiwai island] is located in the Moa River, to the north of Gola Rainforest National Park’s western block. Tiwai Island was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1987 and it is managed by an administrative committee representing government, local communities, environmental organizations, and academic institutions (Klop et al. 2008). Over 700 plant species and 170 bird species have been identified on the island (Klop et al. 2008). The island has a remarkable concentration of primate species ([http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/wildlife/tiwai-biodiversity/ 11 in total]), and is also home to the endemic pygmy hippopotamus, and hundreds of bird species.
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|12 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|7.54 N, -11.35 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Wildlife sanctuary
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp, permanent rivers/streams/creeks
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The site was surveyed in 2009, but abundance estimates are not publicly available (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|
|
|Present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Whitesides et al. 1988
|sighting of one group
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1994
|
|
|Present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Fimbel 1994
|22 sightings of individual chimpanzees
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2007
|
|
|present
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects (Distance)
|Klop et al. 2008
|Only presence confirmed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Farms were routinely established until 1982, when research activities started on the island, and the number of farm plots was limited (Fimbel 1994). Hunting intensity was also high on the island previous to the commencement of research activities (Oates 1999; Fimbel 1994). Research and conservation activities were disrupted during the years of civil war (Oates 1999) but resumed in 2004.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low
|
|Farming activities largely stopped in the 1980s (Klop et al. 2008, Fimbel 1994), but limited forest-product harvesting is permitted under current management (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|Hunting on the island was banned when research activities began (Fimbel 1994), but might still be ongoing (Lincoln et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Low
|
|Conservation and research activities came to a halt during the 10 years of civil war in Sierra Leone (Lindsell et al. 2011, Oates 1999)
|1991-2001
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Starting as a research site in the 1980s (Oates 1999), the island continues to rely on research and tourism as the key components of conservation efforts. Tiwai Island is Sierra Leone’s first [http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ community conservation program]. Tourist facilities and a research center are present at the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated as wildlife sanctuary in 1987 (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Research center at the site administered by Njala university, Hunter College, and the university of Miami (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Tourist facilities are present in the island (Klop et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Ecological research began in the early 1980s, focusing on the behavioral ecology of olive colobus monkeys (Klop et al. 2008).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Nut cracking
|Whitesides 1985
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Brncic TM, Amarasekaran B & McKenna A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Fimbel C. 1994. The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Biological Conservation 70. 277-286.<br>
Klop E, Lindsell JA & Siaka A. 2008. Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Unpublished Report. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK, and Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Lincoln R. Larson, April L. Conway, Sonia M. Hernandez and John P. Carroll (2016) Human-wildlife Conflict, Conservation Attitudes, and a Potential Role for Citizen Science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation & Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 205-217.<br>
Lindsell, J. A., Klop, E. and Siaka, A. (2011) The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Oryx 45:69–77.<br>
Oates JF. 1999. Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 59-90.<br>
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary. 2019. http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/guidelines/<br>
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, official website: http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/<br>
Whitesides GH. 1985. Nut cracking by wild chimpanzees in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Primates 26: 91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02389050<br>
Whitesides GH et al. 1988. Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 345-367<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>