Difference between revisions of "Kibira National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Burundi]] > [[Kibira National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Kibira National Park.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* It has been estimated that 204 (CI: 122 – 339) individuals occur in the site.
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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* Ape taxa present  
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* The site has a total size of 400 km².
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* Ape population size
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging.
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* Ape population trend  
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* Conservation activities have focused on running tourist projects and involving local communities.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
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* The park is adjacent to [[Nyungwe Forest National Park]] in Rwanda.
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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= Site characteristics =
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Located in northwestern Burundi, Kibira National Park is contiguous with [[Nyungwe Forest National Park]] in Rwanda; together they form a 130,000 ha montane forest block (BirdLife International 2020). The site lies from 1,600 to 2,666 m of altitude. Until 1933, Kibira was a royal hunting reserve ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). Historically, parts of the forest in Kibira have been very important to local people, who consider it sacred and possessing magical qualities ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). Between 1933 and 1980 Kibira was classified as the Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, under Belgian rule and after Burundian Independence in 1962 ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). From 1980, active conservation efforts began at the site; in the same year, it was declared a National Park (Hakizimana et al. 2015). In addition to Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other primate species found at the site include Ruwenzori colobus (''Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii''), golden monkey (''Cercopithecus mitis kandti''), and L'Hoest's monkey (''Cercopithecus l’hoesti''). The park is also home to many of the Albertine Rift endemic bird species, and is a designated Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kibira National Park'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|400 km²
 
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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| -3.001130 S, 29.495718 E
 
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|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|National Park
 
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|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical montane forest
 
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|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kibira National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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|2011-2013
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|204 (122 – 339)
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|0.509 (0.305 – 0.847)
 
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|Kibira National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Hakizimana & Huynen 2013
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|Survey effort: 864 km
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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Kibira forest originally covered about 900 km², but this was reduced to 400 km² as a result of a tea plantation extension program implemented by the government in the 1970s. As the land surrounding Kibira National Park was particularly suitable for tea cultivation, a large area was deforested for the program (Hakizimana et al. 2015). Rebels who occupied the forest during several years of civil conflict, between 1994 and 2007, logged and extensively hunted large mammals (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Kibira National Park'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
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|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
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|Unknown
 
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|High
 
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|Deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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|1970s
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
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|Unknown
 
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
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|Unknown
 
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|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
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|Hunting by rebels who occupied the forest (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
 
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|-
 
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
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|Logging by rebels who occupied the forest for several years (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
 
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Absent
 
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
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|Absent
 
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
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|Unknown
 
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
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|Unknown
 
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
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|Absent
 
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|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|Unknown
 
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
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|Absent
 
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
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[https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/making-environmental-conservation-gainful-local-communities-burundi BirdLife International - Kibira National Park]
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Kibira National Park'''
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This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
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'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|Not reported
 
|
 
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|-
 
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
 
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
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|Not reported
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
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|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
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|The site is a National Park.
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|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
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|Not reported
 
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|
 
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|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
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|
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|Chimpanzee tracking, bird watching, safaris, and other activities offered ([https://www.kibiranationalparkburundi.com/ Kibira National Park]).
−
|
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|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kibira National Park'''
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
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−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
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!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
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!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
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+
|Not reported
 
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|-
 
|-
 
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|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
 
+
A study found that chimpanzees in Kibira National Park are selective in the choice of nest trees, preferring to nest in ''Parinari excelsa'' trees, which occur in low densities at the park. On the other hand, the more abundant ''Macaranga kilimandscharica'' trees were less used (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kibira National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
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!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://www.kibiranationalparkburundi.com/ Kibira National Park]
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
−
<br>
 
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= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kibira National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 08/12/2020. <br>
 +
Hakizimana, D., Hambuckers, A., & Brotcorne, F. (2015). Characterization of nest sites of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Kibira National Park, Burundi.African Primates, 10,1–12. <br>
 +
Hakizimana, D. & Huyne, M. (2013). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Density and Abundance in Kibira National Park, Burundi. Pan Africa News, 20(2). <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
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<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 12:32, 14 January 2021

East Africa > Burundi > Kibira National Park

Summary[edit]

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kibira National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 204 (CI: 122 – 339) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 400 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on running tourist projects and involving local communities.
  • The park is adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda.

Site characteristics[edit]

Located in northwestern Burundi, Kibira National Park is contiguous with Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda; together they form a 130,000 ha montane forest block (BirdLife International 2020). The site lies from 1,600 to 2,666 m of altitude. Until 1933, Kibira was a royal hunting reserve (FAO). Historically, parts of the forest in Kibira have been very important to local people, who consider it sacred and possessing magical qualities (FAO). Between 1933 and 1980 Kibira was classified as the Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, under Belgian rule and after Burundian Independence in 1962 (FAO). From 1980, active conservation efforts began at the site; in the same year, it was declared a National Park (Hakizimana et al. 2015). In addition to Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), other primate species found at the site include Ruwenzori colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), and L'Hoest's monkey (Cercopithecus l’hoesti). The park is also home to many of the Albertine Rift endemic bird species, and is a designated Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kibira National Park

Area 400 km²
Coordinates -3.001130 S, 29.495718 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kibira National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2011-2013 204 (122 – 339) 0.509 (0.305 – 0.847) Kibira National Park Line transects (Distance) Hakizimana & Huynen 2013 Survey effort: 864 km

Threats[edit]

Kibira forest originally covered about 900 km², but this was reduced to 400 km² as a result of a tea plantation extension program implemented by the government in the 1970s. As the land surrounding Kibira National Park was particularly suitable for tea cultivation, a large area was deforested for the program (Hakizimana et al. 2015). Rebels who occupied the forest during several years of civil conflict, between 1994 and 2007, logged and extensively hunted large mammals (Hakizimana et al. 2015).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Kibira National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion (Hakizimana et al. 2015). 1970s
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity is unknown Hunting by rebels who occupied the forest (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity is unknown Logging by rebels who occupied the forest for several years (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

BirdLife International - Kibira National Park

Table 4. Conservation activities in Kibira National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is a National Park. Ongoing
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Chimpanzee tracking, bird watching, safaris, and other activities offered (Kibira National Park). Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kibira National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities[edit]

A study found that chimpanzees in Kibira National Park are selective in the choice of nest trees, preferring to nest in Parinari excelsa trees, which occur in low densities at the park. On the other hand, the more abundant Macaranga kilimandscharica trees were less used (Hakizimana et al. 2015).

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kibira National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links[edit]

Kibira National Park

Relevant datasets[edit]

A.P.E.S Portal

References[edit]

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kibira National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 08/12/2020.
Hakizimana, D., Hambuckers, A., & Brotcorne, F. (2015). Characterization of nest sites of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Kibira National Park, Burundi.African Primates, 10,1–12.
Hakizimana, D. & Huyne, M. (2013). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Density and Abundance in Kibira National Park, Burundi. Pan Africa News, 20(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/01/2021

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