Difference between revisions of "Volcanoes National Park"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
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[[East Africa]] > [[Rwanda]] > [[Volcanoes National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Mountain Gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Volcanoes National Park.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
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* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
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* Ape taxa present  
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* The site has a total size of 160 km².
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* Ape population size
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* Key threats to gorillas are habitat encroachment, illegal hunting and logging.
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* Ape population trend  
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* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and research activities.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
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* The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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= Site characteristics =
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Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]] in Uganda and [[Virunga National Park]] in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).
 +
In 1929, the site was created, initially named Albert national park, and it was run by the Belgian Colonial Authorities ([https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ Volcanoes National Park]). In the early 1960s, the park was divided as Rwanda and Congo became independent, and by the end of the 1960s, the park was almost half of its original size. In 1967, primatologist Dian Fossey, who had been doing research on mountain gorillas in Congo, fled from insecurity and established her research base between Visoke and Karisimbi volcanoes; later on it would be known as the Karisoke research center. She led conservation campaigns and fought against poaching in the area until her murder in 1985 ([https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ Volcanoes National Park]).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|160 km²
 
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|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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| -1.452661 S, 29.521122 E
 
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|National Park
 
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|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest,subtropical/tropical high altitude grassland, Bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Volcanoes National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
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|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2016
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|669 (CI: 623–759)
 
|
 
|
 
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|Virunga Massif
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|Genetic analysis of non-invasively collected samples and two capture–mark–recapture estimates
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|Granjon et al. 2020
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Volcanoes National Park'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
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|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
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|Unknown
 
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
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−
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|Demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
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|Unknown
 
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
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|Unknown
 
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|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
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|Gorilla poaching (BirdLife International 2021).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
 
|
 
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
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−
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|Illegal wood and bamboo harvesting (BirdLife International 2021).
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|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Unknown
 
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
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|Unknown
 
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
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|Unknown
 
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
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|Unknown
 
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
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|Absent
 
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|-
 
|-
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|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|Unknown
 
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
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|Absent
 
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
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Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]).
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Volcanoes National Park'''
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This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
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'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|Not reported
 
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Not reported
 
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
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|8.23. Implement a health programme for local communities
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|One Health Program  by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/gorilla-doctors-brings-one-health-to-gorillas-and-people-in-rwanda/ Gorilla Doctors]).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
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|Not reported
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
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|Not reported
 
|
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
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|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
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|The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.)
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|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
−
|
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|Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.)
−
|
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|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
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−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
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!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
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!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
 
+
Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
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'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
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'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
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!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
 +
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228<br>
 +
[https://africanccf.org/our-projects/ African community and conservation foundation]<br>
 +
[https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP]<br>
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
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<br>
 
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= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.<br>
 +
Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/<br>
 +
AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation<br>
 +
Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559<br>
  
 
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<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 15/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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−
<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 02:31, 22 July 2024

East Africa > Rwanda > Volcanoes National Park

Summary

  • Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Volcanoes National Park.
  • The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
  • The gorilla population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 160 km².
  • Key threats to gorillas are habitat encroachment, illegal hunting and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and research activities.
  • The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.

Site characteristics

Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda and Virunga National Park in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo (AWF). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021). In 1929, the site was created, initially named Albert national park, and it was run by the Belgian Colonial Authorities (Volcanoes National Park). In the early 1960s, the park was divided as Rwanda and Congo became independent, and by the end of the 1960s, the park was almost half of its original size. In 1967, primatologist Dian Fossey, who had been doing research on mountain gorillas in Congo, fled from insecurity and established her research base between Visoke and Karisimbi volcanoes; later on it would be known as the Karisoke research center. She led conservation campaigns and fought against poaching in the area until her murder in 1985 (Volcanoes National Park).

Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park

Area 160 km²
Coordinates -1.452661 S, 29.521122 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest,subtropical/tropical high altitude grassland, Bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Volcanoes National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 2016 669 (CI: 623–759) Virunga Massif Genetic analysis of non-invasively collected samples and two capture–mark–recapture estimates Granjon et al. 2020

Threats

Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity unknown Demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown Gorilla poaching (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity unknown Illegal wood and bamboo harvesting (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development (AWF).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.23. Implement a health programme for local communities One Health Program by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families (Gorilla Doctors). Ongoing (2020)
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Volcanoes National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228
African community and conservation foundation
African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.
Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/
AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation
Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 15/10/2021

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