Difference between revisions of "Volcanoes National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Rwanda]] > [[Volcanoes National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-1.452661, 29.521122~[[Volcanoes National Park]]~'Gorilla beringei beringei''}}</div>
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* Mountain Gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Volcanoes National Park.
 +
* The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
 +
* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
 +
* The site has a total size of 160 km².
 +
* Key threats to gorillas are habitat encroachment, illegal hunting and logging.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and research activities.
 +
* The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
  
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* Ape taxa present
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= Site characteristics =
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* Ape population size
 
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]] in Uganda and [[Virunga National Park]] in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).
  
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= Site characteristics =
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Species
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
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|'Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|-
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|Area
−
 
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|160 km²
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
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|-
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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|Coordinates
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|Lat: -1.452661 , Lon: 29.521122
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|
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Type of site
−
|
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|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Habitat types
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Grassland, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Type of governance
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
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<br>
 
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status =
  
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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!Species
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!Year
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!Occurrence
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!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
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!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Species
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!Survey area
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! Year
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!Sampling method
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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!Analytical framework
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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!Source
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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!Comments
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! Area
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!A.P.E.S. database ID
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! Method
 
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! Source
 
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! Comments
 
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2016
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|669 (CI: 623-759)
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|Virunga Massif
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|Genetic (dung/hair)
 
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|Granjon et al. 2020
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
  
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Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).
  
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Description
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Year of threat
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|10 Geological events
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|
 
−
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|
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|Absent
 
|
 
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|
 
|-
 
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|12 Other threat
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−
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|Absent
 
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|Present (unknown severity)
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|Demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|
+
|-
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|5 Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present (unknown severity)
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|Gorilla poaching (BirdLife International 2021).
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|5 Biological resource use
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|
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|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
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|Illegal wood and bamboo harvesting (BirdLife International 2021).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|1 Residential & commercial development
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|3 Energy production & mining
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|4 Transportation & service corridors
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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−
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|
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|9. Pollution
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|7 Natural system modifications
−
|
 
−
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|
 
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|
 
−
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|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
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|9 Pollution
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|12. Other options
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|11 Climate change & severe weather
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|
−
|-
 
 
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 +
Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]).
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
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!Category
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
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!Specific activity
−
 
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!Description
−
 
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!Implementing organization(s)
−
 
+
!Year of activity
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
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!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
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|3 Species health
−
|
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|3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities
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|
+
|One Health Program  by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/gorilla-doctors-brings-one-health-to-gorillas-and-people-in-rwanda/ Gorilla Doctors]).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|
+
|The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
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|8 Permanent presence
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|
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|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
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|
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|Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
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!Challenges
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!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
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|2 Resources and capacity
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|3 Engaged community
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
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|4 Institutional support
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|5 Ecological context
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
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|6 Safety and stability
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
 +
= Research activities =
  
 +
Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
  
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
  
−
 
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+
!Behavior
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Source
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
  
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= External links =
  
 +
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228
  
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
+
[https://africanccf.org/our-projects/ African community and conservation foundation]
  
 +
[https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP]
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
 +
= References =
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
−
<br>
+
Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/
  
 +
AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation
  
−
= References =
+
Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559
  
  
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<br>
 
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''    Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
 
  
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
+
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 05:30, 19 March 2025

East Africa > Rwanda > Volcanoes National Park

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Summary

Loading map...
  • Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Volcanoes National Park.
  • The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
  • The gorilla population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 160 km².
  • Key threats to gorillas are habitat encroachment, illegal hunting and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and research activities.
  • The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.


Site characteristics

Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda and Virunga National Park in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo (AWF). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park

Species 'Gorilla beringei beringei
Area 160 km²
Coordinates Lat: -1.452661 , Lon: 29.521122
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Grassland, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Volcanoes National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 2016 669 (CI: 623-759) Virunga Massif Genetic (dung/hair) Granjon et al. 2020

Threats

Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present (unknown severity) Demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Gorilla poaching (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Illegal wood and bamboo harvesting (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development (AWF).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
3 Species health 3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities One Health Program by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families (Gorilla Doctors). Ongoing (2020)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Volcanoes National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Volcanoes National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228

African community and conservation foundation

African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.

Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/

AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation

Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559


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