Difference between revisions of "Imbak Canyon Conservation Area"

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Imbak Canyon Conservation Area]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* It has been estimated that 24 (CI: 15-37) individuals occur in the site.
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* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
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* Ape taxa present  
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* The site has a total size of 300 km².
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* Ape population size
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* Key threats to orangutans are habitat loss, roads giving access to hunters.
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* Ape population trend  
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* Conservation activities are not documented.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
 +
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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= Site characteristics =
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The Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) is located in the eastern state of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the habitat in the area comprises lowland dipterocarp rainforest, and montane forest mixed with patches of montane heath (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The Imbak Canyon is approximately 750 m deep, 3 km wide and 30 km long; the floor of the canyon lies at 250 m above sea level, and that rim of the canyon reaches approximately 1,000 m above sea level (Bernard et al. 2013). The highest point at the site is Mount Kuli, at 1,684 m asl (Bernard et al. 2013). The site was once a part of the Yayasan Sabah Concession Area; heavy logging occurred then around the periphery of the ICCA (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The site was gazetted as a Class I (Protection) Forest Reserve in 2009, and logging activity was totally prohibited. The forest inside the canyon is relatively pristine (Bernard et al. 2013). However, due to logging activities in the past and the proximity to some human settlements and plantations, the forests surrounding the ICCA are generally heavily disturbed (Bernard et al. 2013). The site is an important area for carnivore conservation in Sabah, as it is home to 14 species, including the Hose's civet, a rare species endemic to Borneo (Bernard et al. 2013).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|
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|300 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|
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|5.160605 N, 116.929972 E
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|
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|Conservation Area
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 52:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 +
|2012
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Imbak Canyon Conservation Area
 +
|Camera trapping
 +
|Bernard et al. 2013
 +
|1 individual captured by one camera trap photo
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 +
|2014-2017
 +
|24 (15-37)
 +
|0.18 (0.11-0.27)
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Imbak Canyon (unlogged forest)
−
|
+
|Aerial survey
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|
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|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
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|
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|55.93 km of aerial transect covered
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
 +
The areas surrounding the ICCA are full of active and abandoned logging roads, providing easy access to hunters going into the ICCA (Bernard et al. 2013). The northern and western borders of the site are close to human settlements and oil palm plantations. Local villagers and oil palm plantation workers hunt in the area, but poaching may also be carried out by people from nearby towns (Bernard et al. 2013). Illegal collection of gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) tree resin also occurs at the site. Resin collectors are likely to also hunt game animals, as they normally stay up to three months in the forest (Bernard et al. 2013).
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Oil palm plantations in the surrounding areas (Bernard et al. 2013).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2013)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Areas surrounding the ICCA are fraught with logging roads, either active or abandoned, providing easy access to hunters (Bernard et al. 2013).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2013)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
 +
|Hunting signs, including cartridges, abandoned camps, and photos of suspected hunters carrying firearms, recorded during a 2012 survey (Bernard et al. 2013).
 +
|Ongoing (2013)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Tree resin collectors who stay in the area for months at a time likely hunt (Bernard et al. 2013).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
 +
Regular law enforcement activities are needed, as well as the establishment of guard posts (Bernard et al. 2013).
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
|
+
|Bernard et al. 2013
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
 
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819<br>
 +
Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).<br>
 +
Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S. B., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J. B. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249. <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 04:57, 29 November 2021

Asia > Malaysia > Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Summary

  • Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area.
  • It has been estimated that 24 (CI: 15-37) individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 300 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans are habitat loss, roads giving access to hunters.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

The Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) is located in the eastern state of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the habitat in the area comprises lowland dipterocarp rainforest, and montane forest mixed with patches of montane heath (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The Imbak Canyon is approximately 750 m deep, 3 km wide and 30 km long; the floor of the canyon lies at 250 m above sea level, and that rim of the canyon reaches approximately 1,000 m above sea level (Bernard et al. 2013). The highest point at the site is Mount Kuli, at 1,684 m asl (Bernard et al. 2013). The site was once a part of the Yayasan Sabah Concession Area; heavy logging occurred then around the periphery of the ICCA (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The site was gazetted as a Class I (Protection) Forest Reserve in 2009, and logging activity was totally prohibited. The forest inside the canyon is relatively pristine (Bernard et al. 2013). However, due to logging activities in the past and the proximity to some human settlements and plantations, the forests surrounding the ICCA are generally heavily disturbed (Bernard et al. 2013). The site is an important area for carnivore conservation in Sabah, as it is home to 14 species, including the Hose's civet, a rare species endemic to Borneo (Bernard et al. 2013).

Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Area 300 km²
Coordinates 5.160605 N, 116.929972 E
Designation Conservation Area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2012 Imbak Canyon Conservation Area Camera trapping Bernard et al. 2013 1 individual captured by one camera trap photo
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2014-2017 24 (15-37) 0.18 (0.11-0.27) Imbak Canyon (unlogged forest) Aerial survey Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 55.93 km of aerial transect covered

Threats

The areas surrounding the ICCA are full of active and abandoned logging roads, providing easy access to hunters going into the ICCA (Bernard et al. 2013). The northern and western borders of the site are close to human settlements and oil palm plantations. Local villagers and oil palm plantation workers hunt in the area, but poaching may also be carried out by people from nearby towns (Bernard et al. 2013). Illegal collection of gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) tree resin also occurs at the site. Resin collectors are likely to also hunt game animals, as they normally stay up to three months in the forest (Bernard et al. 2013).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity unknown Oil palm plantations in the surrounding areas (Bernard et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity unknown Areas surrounding the ICCA are fraught with logging roads, either active or abandoned, providing easy access to hunters (Bernard et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown Hunting signs, including cartridges, abandoned camps, and photos of suspected hunters carrying firearms, recorded during a 2012 survey (Bernard et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity unknown Tree resin collectors who stay in the area for months at a time likely hunt (Bernard et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Regular law enforcement activities are needed, as well as the establishment of guard posts (Bernard et al. 2013).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Challenge Source
Lack of law enforcement Bernard et al. 2013

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).
Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S. B., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J. B. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:29/11/2021

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