Difference between revisions of "Pu Mat National Park"

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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Pu Mat National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|19.060942, 104.625258~[[Pu Mat National Park]]~Northern white-cheeked gibbon
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* Ape taxa present  
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}}
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* Ape population size
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</div>
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* Ape population trend  
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* Northern white-cheeked gibbons (''Nomascus leucogenys'') are present in Pu Mat National Park.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
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* It has been estimated that 130 groups occur in the site.
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* Key threats to apes are ...
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* The gibbon population trend is unknown.
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* Additional information
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* The site has a total size of 911.13 km².
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* Key threats to gibbons are habitat loss mainly due to shifting agriculture and hunting.
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* Conservation activities have focused on monitoring and permanent presence of forest guards.
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= Site characteristics =
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* The park is a key site for the conservation of northern white-cheeked gibbons.
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
 +
Pu Mat National Park is located in the Annamite Mountains, close to the Lao border. The area has been protected by the difficult access to the forest due to the steep, rugged terrain (Rawson et al. 2011). It is a Key Biodiversity Area ([https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/ KBA]) within the Indoburma Biodiversity Hotspot ([https://www.rewild.org/wild-about/pu-mat-national-park Re:wild]). The park is home to a host of mammal species of conservation concern, including the critically endangered Saola, the Annamite striped rabbit, Owston’s civet, northern white-cheeked gibbon and possibly the critically endangered large-antlered muntjac. Local indigenous communities consider parts of the site to be sacred “spirit forests” that are important in local animist traditions ([https://www.rewild.org/wild-about/pu-mat-national-park Re:wild]).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Pu Mat National Park'''
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|
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|911.13 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|
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| 19.060942, 104.625258
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|
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|National Park
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
  
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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Pu Mat National Park is the most important site for the conservation of northern white-cheeked gibbons in Vietnam (Rawson et al. 2011). In a 2011 survey, 22 groups were detected and 130 groups were estimated to inhabit the site (Rawson et al. 2011). The population is of global significance; it is the largest known population of this species in Vietnam, and may extend well into Laos. The gibbon population at the site is predominantly found above 700 m a.s.l. (approximately 85% of groups), with the highest densities (0.271 groups km-1) occurring above this altitude despite the majority of the park being under this elevation (Rawson et al. 2011).
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Pu Mat National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Total number groups (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)
 
! Area
 
! Area
 
! Method
 
! Method
Line 72: Line 60:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
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|''Nomascus leucogenys''
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|
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|2011
−
|
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|455
−
|
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|130
−
|
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|0.161
−
|
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|Pu Mat National Park (911.13 sq km)
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|
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|Fixed-point triangulation
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|
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|Rawson et al. 2011
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|
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|This survey used 18 listening posts across the park, including the most remote areas near the Lao border which had not been previously surveyed.
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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Habitat loss due to shifting agriculture and illegal logging, and hunting, are the main threats to gibbons in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Pu Mat National Park'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|High
 
|
 
|
−
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|Shifting agriculture (Rawson et al. 2011).
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|
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|Ongoing (2011)
−
|
 
−
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|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|
Line 121: Line 107:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
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|High
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Planned roads through Pu Mat National Park may fragment and endanger what is by far the largest population of northern white-cheeked gibbons in the country (Rawson et al. 2011).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2011)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
 +
|Hunters increasingly access remote areas near the Lao border to locate gibbons (Rawson et al. 2011).
 +
|Ongoing (2011)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
−
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|Illegal logging is widespread in the area (Rawson et al. 2011).
−
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|Ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
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|Unknown
 
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
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|
−
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|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
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−
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|Absent
 
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
 +
The permanent presence of forest guards has been the only effective approach to protecting the gibbon population in the site. Site and landscape level projects are unlikely to be sufficient on their own; in fact, a 1998-2004 monitoring project indicated that large-scale projects implemented in the past did not succeed in halting primate population declines, though they may have slowed the decline (Rawson et al. 2004).
  
−
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Pu Mat National Park'''
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
−
|
+
|The Social Forestry and Nature Conservation Project implemented primate surveys and monitoring (Rawson et al. 2011).
−
|
+
|1998-2004
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|
+
|The site is designated as a National Park.
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
−
|
+
|Permanent presence of forest guards dedicated to the protection of individual gibbon groups (Rawson et al. 2011).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Pu Mat National Park'''
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
 
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Pu Mat National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
=External links=
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
[https://www.rewild.org/wild-about/pu-mat-national-park Re:wild Pu Mat National Park]
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
−
 
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. (2011). The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam. <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 02/05/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
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<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 04:49, 2 May 2022

Asia > Vietnam > Pu Mat National Park

Summary

Loading map...
  • Northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) are present in Pu Mat National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 130 groups occur in the site.
  • The gibbon population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 911.13 km².
  • Key threats to gibbons are habitat loss mainly due to shifting agriculture and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on monitoring and permanent presence of forest guards.
  • The park is a key site for the conservation of northern white-cheeked gibbons.

Site characteristics

Pu Mat National Park is located in the Annamite Mountains, close to the Lao border. The area has been protected by the difficult access to the forest due to the steep, rugged terrain (Rawson et al. 2011). It is a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) within the Indoburma Biodiversity Hotspot (Re:wild). The park is home to a host of mammal species of conservation concern, including the critically endangered Saola, the Annamite striped rabbit, Owston’s civet, northern white-cheeked gibbon and possibly the critically endangered large-antlered muntjac. Local indigenous communities consider parts of the site to be sacred “spirit forests” that are important in local animist traditions (Re:wild).

Table 1. Basic site information for Pu Mat National Park

Area 911.13 km²
Coordinates 19.060942, 104.625258
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Pu Mat National Park is the most important site for the conservation of northern white-cheeked gibbons in Vietnam (Rawson et al. 2011). In a 2011 survey, 22 groups were detected and 130 groups were estimated to inhabit the site (Rawson et al. 2011). The population is of global significance; it is the largest known population of this species in Vietnam, and may extend well into Laos. The gibbon population at the site is predominantly found above 700 m a.s.l. (approximately 85% of groups), with the highest densities (0.271 groups km-1) occurring above this altitude despite the majority of the park being under this elevation (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Pu Mat National Park

Species Year Total number indiv. (95% CI) Total number groups (95% CI) Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Nomascus leucogenys 2011 455 130 0.161 Pu Mat National Park (911.13 sq km) Fixed-point triangulation Rawson et al. 2011 This survey used 18 listening posts across the park, including the most remote areas near the Lao border which had not been previously surveyed.

Threats

Habitat loss due to shifting agriculture and illegal logging, and hunting, are the main threats to gibbons in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Pu Mat National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Shifting agriculture (Rawson et al. 2011). Ongoing (2011)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High Planned roads through Pu Mat National Park may fragment and endanger what is by far the largest population of northern white-cheeked gibbons in the country (Rawson et al. 2011). Ongoing (2011)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Hunters increasingly access remote areas near the Lao border to locate gibbons (Rawson et al. 2011). Ongoing (2011)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Illegal logging is widespread in the area (Rawson et al. 2011). Ongoing (2011)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The permanent presence of forest guards has been the only effective approach to protecting the gibbon population in the site. Site and landscape level projects are unlikely to be sufficient on their own; in fact, a 1998-2004 monitoring project indicated that large-scale projects implemented in the past did not succeed in halting primate population declines, though they may have slowed the decline (Rawson et al. 2004).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Pu Mat National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols The Social Forestry and Nature Conservation Project implemented primate surveys and monitoring (Rawson et al. 2011). 1998-2004
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is designated as a National Park. Ongoing (2022)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager Permanent presence of forest guards dedicated to the protection of individual gibbon groups (Rawson et al. 2011). Ongoing (2011)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Pu Mat National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Pu Mat National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Re:wild Pu Mat National Park

References

Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. (2011). The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 02/05/2022

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