Difference between revisions of "Boumba-Bek National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Boumba-Bek National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Boumba-Bek National Park.
 +
* It has been estimated that 4,470 great apes occur in the site.
 +
* The great ape population trend is stable.
 +
* The site has a total size of 2,389 km².
 +
* Poaching is a key threat to great apes in Boumba-Bek National Park.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and community forests.
 +
 +
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Boumba-Bek National Park is located in the southeastern corner of Cameroon, bordering [[Nki National Park]]. The site is situated between the rivers Boumba and Bek (BirdLife International 2020). With 254 species recorded, the park was designated an Important Bird Area in 2001 (BirdLife International 2020). The site is known to be very important for forest elephants, central chimpanzees, and western lowland gorillas. The forest has never been logged and is used by small numbers of Baka people (BirdLife International 2020). However, elephant poaching at the site is a major problem and has led to drastic declines in the elephant numbers (N'Goran 2017).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Boumba-Bek National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|2,389 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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|2.986850 N, 14.856464 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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Although a relative and non-significant increase of the great ape population size was found between 2011 and 2015, the trend may be due to possible protocol errors or effects of conversion parameters (N'Goran et al. 2017).
 +
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Boumba-Bek National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
 +
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
 +
! Method
 +
! Source
 +
! Comments
 +
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2011
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|3,283
 +
|
 +
|
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|Boumba-Bek National Park
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|Line transects (Distance) and reconnaissance walks
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|N'Goran 2017
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2015
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|4,470
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|
 +
|
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|Boumba-Bek National Park
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|Line transects (Distance) and reconnaissance walks
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|N'Goran 2017
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2012
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|3,326 (2,530-4,373)
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|1.60 (1.22-2.10)
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|
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|Boumba-Bek National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|CITES 2012
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|Survey effort: 105.4 km
 +
|
 +
|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
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|2012
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|2459 (1,771-3,416)
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|1.18 (0.85-1.64)
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|
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|Boumba-Bek National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|CITES 2012
 +
|Survey effort: 105.4 km
 +
|
 +
|-
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|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2012
 +
|925 (662-1,291)
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|0.44 (0.32- 0.62)
 +
|
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|Boumba-Bek National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
 +
|CITES 2012
 +
|Survey effort: 105.4 km
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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 +
Poaching is the main threat to wildlife at the site. Human sign encounter rates were found to be particularly high in the northern part of the park, which is closer to a public road (CITES 2012).
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Boumba-Bek National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Hunting paths and snares were encountered in a 2012 survey of the park (CITES 2012). Elephants at Boumba-Bek have been more impacted by poaching.
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
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|-
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|
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Extraction of bark, honey, or palm wine (CITES 2012).
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 +
 +
WWF and partners have supported the establishment of 42 community forests around Boumba Bek, Nki and Lobeke National Parks ([https://wwf.panda.org/?354252/Statement-on-WWFs-approach-in-Cameroon WWF]).
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 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Boumba-Bek National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
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|Anti-poaching patrols are conducted (CITES 2012).
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
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|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 +
|The National Park was established in 2005 (CITES 2012).
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 +
|-
 +
|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Boumba-Bek National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
There are 16 forest clearings (bais) in Boumba-Bek, with four currently monitored by MINFOF/WWF for large mammal activities (Stiles 2011).<br>
 +
Maisels, F., Bechem, M., Blanc, J., Strindberg, S., Boafo, Y., Mahop, J.P., Mengamenya, A., Bariga, N., Luhunu, S., 2012a. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey in Boumba Bek National Park, Cameroon, p. 62. CITES MIKE.<br>
 +
[https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203324125 Ecological monitoring of the dynamics of large and medium mammals in the clearings of Boumba Bek National Park: case of the pondo clearing complex]
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Boumba-Bek National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://wwf.panda.org/?354252/Statement-on-WWFs-approach-in-Cameroon WWF Cameroon]
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
CITES. (2012). Monitoring of Illegal Trade in Ivory and Other Elephant Specimens. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey 201, Boumba Bek National Park, Republic of Cameroon. Geneva, Switzerland: CITES. <br>
 +
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Boumba - Bek. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 31/12/2020. <br>
 +
Stiles, D. (2011). Elephant Meat Trade in Central Africa: Summary report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 103pp. <br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 08/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 09:37, 8 January 2021

Central Africa > Cameroon > Boumba-Bek National Park

Summary

  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Boumba-Bek National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 4,470 great apes occur in the site.
  • The great ape population trend is stable.
  • The site has a total size of 2,389 km².
  • Poaching is a key threat to great apes in Boumba-Bek National Park.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and community forests.

Site characteristics

Boumba-Bek National Park is located in the southeastern corner of Cameroon, bordering Nki National Park. The site is situated between the rivers Boumba and Bek (BirdLife International 2020). With 254 species recorded, the park was designated an Important Bird Area in 2001 (BirdLife International 2020). The site is known to be very important for forest elephants, central chimpanzees, and western lowland gorillas. The forest has never been logged and is used by small numbers of Baka people (BirdLife International 2020). However, elephant poaching at the site is a major problem and has led to drastic declines in the elephant numbers (N'Goran 2017).

Table 1. Basic site information for Boumba-Bek National Park

Area 2,389 km²
Coordinates 2.986850 N, 14.856464 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Although a relative and non-significant increase of the great ape population size was found between 2011 and 2015, the trend may be due to possible protocol errors or effects of conversion parameters (N'Goran et al. 2017).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Boumba-Bek National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla & Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2011 3,283 Boumba-Bek National Park Line transects (Distance) and reconnaissance walks N'Goran 2017
Gorilla gorilla gorilla & Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2015 4,470 Boumba-Bek National Park Line transects (Distance) and reconnaissance walks N'Goran 2017
Gorilla gorilla gorilla & Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2012 3,326 (2,530-4,373) 1.60 (1.22-2.10) Boumba-Bek National Park Line transects (Distance) CITES 2012 Survey effort: 105.4 km
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2012 2459 (1,771-3,416) 1.18 (0.85-1.64) Boumba-Bek National Park Line transects (Distance) CITES 2012 Survey effort: 105.4 km
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2012 925 (662-1,291) 0.44 (0.32- 0.62) Boumba-Bek National Park Line transects (Distance) CITES 2012 Survey effort: 105.4 km

Threats

Poaching is the main threat to wildlife at the site. Human sign encounter rates were found to be particularly high in the northern part of the park, which is closer to a public road (CITES 2012).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Boumba-Bek National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity is unknown Hunting paths and snares were encountered in a 2012 survey of the park (CITES 2012). Elephants at Boumba-Bek have been more impacted by poaching. Ongoing (2012)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity is unknown Extraction of bark, honey, or palm wine (CITES 2012). Ongoing (2012)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

WWF and partners have supported the establishment of 42 community forests around Boumba Bek, Nki and Lobeke National Parks (WWF).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Boumba-Bek National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Anti-poaching patrols are conducted (CITES 2012). Ongoing (2012)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The National Park was established in 2005 (CITES 2012). Ongoing (2012)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Boumba-Bek National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

There are 16 forest clearings (bais) in Boumba-Bek, with four currently monitored by MINFOF/WWF for large mammal activities (Stiles 2011).
Maisels, F., Bechem, M., Blanc, J., Strindberg, S., Boafo, Y., Mahop, J.P., Mengamenya, A., Bariga, N., Luhunu, S., 2012a. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey in Boumba Bek National Park, Cameroon, p. 62. CITES MIKE.
Ecological monitoring of the dynamics of large and medium mammals in the clearings of Boumba Bek National Park: case of the pondo clearing complex

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Boumba-Bek National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

WWF Cameroon

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

CITES. (2012). Monitoring of Illegal Trade in Ivory and Other Elephant Specimens. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey 201, Boumba Bek National Park, Republic of Cameroon. Geneva, Switzerland: CITES.
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Boumba - Bek. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 31/12/2020.
Stiles, D. (2011). Elephant Meat Trade in Central Africa: Summary report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 103pp.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 08/01/2021

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