Difference between revisions of "Rwenzori Mountains National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]]
  
 +
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 +
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Rwenzori Mountains National Park.
 +
* It has been estimated that 231 individuals occur in the site.
 +
* The population trend is unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 996 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are illegal logging, bushmeat hunting, and illegal resource harvesting.
 +
* Conservation activities implemented include conducting anti-poaching patrols.
 +
 +
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 +
 +
Located in western Uganda, Rwenzori Mountains National Park comprises part of the Rwenzori mountain chain, including Africa's third highest peak, Mt Stanley's Margherita Peak at 5,109 m above sea level ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/ UNESCO]). The park is contiguous with the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (BirdLife International 2020). The region's glaciers, waterfalls and lakes make it one of the most fascinating afro-alpine areas.The park is known for its rich and unique flora; some of the world's rarest vegetation can be found here ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/ UNESCO]). Some unusual flora found here include the giant heather, and two species of forest tree, ''Hypericum bequaertii'' and ''Schefflera polysciadia'', which are only known from Rwenzori (BirdLife International 2020; [https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/rwenzori-mountains-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). In addition, the site is home to 70 mammals and 217 bird species, including 19 Albertine Rift endemics ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/ UNESCO]; BirdLife International 2020). Twenty-five invertebrate species from the area have been described in the last 15 years (BirdLife International 2020). Mammal species of conservation concern include the Rwenzori duiker (''Cephalophus rubidus''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''), Ruwenzori colobus (''Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii'') and L'Hoest's monkey (''Cercopithecus l’hoesti''); subspecies of blue monkey (''Cercopithecus mitis'') and rock hyrax (''Procavia capensis'') are only known from Rwenzori Mountains National Park (BirdLife International 2020).
 +
 +
Henry Stanley, an explorer, placed the Rwenzori in the map in 1888; he documented "Ruwenzori" as a local name meaning “rain-maker” or “cloud-king” ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/rwenzori-mountains-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). Before that, the Rwenzoris were named “Mountains of the Moon” by the Alexandrine geographer Ptolemy in AD 150 (Uganda Wildlife Authority). Much later, in 1941, the site was declared a Forest Reserve; in 1991 it was gazetted as a National Park, and in 1995 it was declared a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/ UNESCO World Heritage Site] ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/rwenzori-mountains-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). The park was designated as a [https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1861?language=en Ramsar Site] in 2008. The Rwenzori mountains are not volcanic, as other major mountains in East Africa, but they are a block of rock up-faulted through the floor of the Western Rift Valley. The site has been long known by mountaineers. The oldest person to reach Marguerita Peak was Ms. Beryl Park, aged 78 in 2010 ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/rwenzori-mountains-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]).
 +
 +
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 +
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|996 km²
 +
|-
 +
|Coordinates
 +
|0.363517 N, 29.949944 E
 +
|-
 +
|Designation
 +
|National Park
 +
|-
 +
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 +
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks), wetlands (inland) – permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)
 +
|}
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 +
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 +
! Species
 +
! Year
 +
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 +
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 +
! Area
 +
! Method
 +
! Source
 +
! Comments
 +
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|2000
 +
|500
 +
|0.506
 +
|
 +
|Rwenzori Mountains National Park
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Makombo 2017
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|2010
 +
|384
 +
|0.385
 +
|
 +
|Rwenzori Mountains National Park
 +
|Line transects
 +
|Makombo 2017
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|2016
 +
|231
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Rwenzori Mountains National Park
 +
|Chimpanzee sightings
 +
|Makombo 2017
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 +
 +
The main threats to the park are illegal logging, bushmeat hunting, and illegal resource harvesting, especially of bamboo ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/971#:~:text=The%20main%20threats%20to%20the,resource%20harvesting%2C%20especially%20of%20bamboo. UNESCO]).
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
 +
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
 +
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 +
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 +
|
 +
|Hunting for bushmeat ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/971#:~:text=The%20main%20threats%20to%20the,resource%20harvesting%2C%20especially%20of%20bamboo. UNESCO]).
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 +
|
 +
|Harvesting plants, especially bamboo ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/971#:~:text=The%20main%20threats%20to%20the,resource%20harvesting%2C%20especially%20of%20bamboo. UNESCO]).
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 +
|
 +
|Illegal logging ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/971#:~:text=The%20main%20threats%20to%20the,resource%20harvesting%2C%20especially%20of%20bamboo. UNESCO]).
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Geological Events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12. Other options
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|Anti-poaching patrols are conducted at the site ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/971#:~:text=The%20main%20threats%20to%20the,resource%20harvesting%2C%20especially%20of%20bamboo. UNESCO]).
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 +
|The site was designated as a National Park in 1991.
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10933-020-00161-x Recent climate-driven ecological changes in tropical montane lakes of Rwenzori Mountains National Park, central Africa]<br>
 +
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800917314684 Looking for Medium-term Conservation and Development Impacts of Community Management Agreements in Uganda's Rwenzori Mountains National Park]<br>
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Rwenzori Mountains National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/ Rwenzori Mountains National Park UNESCO]<br>
 +
[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/rwenzori-mountains-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
 +
[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1861?language=en Rwenzori Mountains National Park Ramsar]<br>
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Ruwenzori (Rwenzori) Mountains National Park. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/12/2020.<br>
 +
Makombo, J. (2017). State of Conservation Report for Rwenzori Mountains National Park World Heritage Property –
 +
Uganda. World Heritage Centre, UNESCO.<br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 20:42, 30 December 2020

East Africa > Uganda > Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Summary

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Rwenzori Mountains National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 231 individuals occur in the site.
  • The population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 996 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are illegal logging, bushmeat hunting, and illegal resource harvesting.
  • Conservation activities implemented include conducting anti-poaching patrols.

Site characteristics

Located in western Uganda, Rwenzori Mountains National Park comprises part of the Rwenzori mountain chain, including Africa's third highest peak, Mt Stanley's Margherita Peak at 5,109 m above sea level (UNESCO). The park is contiguous with the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (BirdLife International 2020). The region's glaciers, waterfalls and lakes make it one of the most fascinating afro-alpine areas.The park is known for its rich and unique flora; some of the world's rarest vegetation can be found here (UNESCO). Some unusual flora found here include the giant heather, and two species of forest tree, Hypericum bequaertii and Schefflera polysciadia, which are only known from Rwenzori (BirdLife International 2020; Uganda Wildlife Authority). In addition, the site is home to 70 mammals and 217 bird species, including 19 Albertine Rift endemics (UNESCO; BirdLife International 2020). Twenty-five invertebrate species from the area have been described in the last 15 years (BirdLife International 2020). Mammal species of conservation concern include the Rwenzori duiker (Cephalophus rubidus), forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), Ruwenzori colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) and L'Hoest's monkey (Cercopithecus l’hoesti); subspecies of blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) are only known from Rwenzori Mountains National Park (BirdLife International 2020).

Henry Stanley, an explorer, placed the Rwenzori in the map in 1888; he documented "Ruwenzori" as a local name meaning “rain-maker” or “cloud-king” (Uganda Wildlife Authority). Before that, the Rwenzoris were named “Mountains of the Moon” by the Alexandrine geographer Ptolemy in AD 150 (Uganda Wildlife Authority). Much later, in 1941, the site was declared a Forest Reserve; in 1991 it was gazetted as a National Park, and in 1995 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Uganda Wildlife Authority). The park was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2008. The Rwenzori mountains are not volcanic, as other major mountains in East Africa, but they are a block of rock up-faulted through the floor of the Western Rift Valley. The site has been long known by mountaineers. The oldest person to reach Marguerita Peak was Ms. Beryl Park, aged 78 in 2010 (Uganda Wildlife Authority).

Table 1. Basic site information for Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Area 996 km²
Coordinates 0.363517 N, 29.949944 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks), wetlands (inland) – permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2000 500 0.506 Rwenzori Mountains National Park Reconnaissance walk Makombo 2017
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2010 384 0.385 Rwenzori Mountains National Park Line transects Makombo 2017
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2016 231 Rwenzori Mountains National Park Chimpanzee sightings Makombo 2017

Threats

The main threats to the park are illegal logging, bushmeat hunting, and illegal resource harvesting, especially of bamboo (UNESCO).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity is unknown Hunting for bushmeat (UNESCO). Ongoing
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity is unknown Harvesting plants, especially bamboo (UNESCO). Ongoing
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity is unknown Illegal logging (UNESCO). Ongoing
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Anti-poaching patrols are conducted at the site (UNESCO). Ongoing
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site was designated as a National Park in 1991. Ongoing
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Recent climate-driven ecological changes in tropical montane lakes of Rwenzori Mountains National Park, central Africa
Looking for Medium-term Conservation and Development Impacts of Community Management Agreements in Uganda's Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Rwenzori Mountains National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Rwenzori Mountains National Park UNESCO
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Rwenzori Mountains National Park Ramsar

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Ruwenzori (Rwenzori) Mountains National Park. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/12/2020.
Makombo, J. (2017). State of Conservation Report for Rwenzori Mountains National Park World Heritage Property – Uganda. World Heritage Centre, UNESCO.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 30/12/2020

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