Difference between revisions of "Sabah"

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Sabah]]
 
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Sabah]]
  
−
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
 +
 
 +
__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.212839, 116.996555~[[Sabah]]~'Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
 
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in Sabah.
 
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in Sabah.
 
* It has been estimated that 9,558 (CI: 6,815-15,129) individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 9,558 (CI: 6,815-15,129) individuals occur in the site.
Line 15: Line 12:
 
* The site has a total size of 76,000 km².
 
* The site has a total size of 76,000 km².
 
* Key threats to orangutans are forest conversion and fragmentation.
 
* Key threats to orangutans are forest conversion and fragmentation.
−
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, canopy bridges, patrolling by local community members .
+
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, canopy bridges, involvement of local people in conservation activities, habitat restoration, and capacity building.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
  
−
Sabah is one of the 13 states in Malaysia, situated in the northern part of the island of Borneo. The state covers about 76,000 sq. km.
+
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:sc_Kinabalu_rocks_HUTAN.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Kinabalu © HUTAN/KOCP]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: sc_forest_patch_HUTAN.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © HUTAN/KOCP]]<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Res orangutan HUTAN.JPG.JPG  | 300px | thumb| right | © HUTAN/KOCP]]</ul></div>
 +
= Site characteristics =
 +
 
 +
Sabah is one of the 13 states in Malaysia, situated in the north of Borneo. The state covers about 76,000 sq. km. The state features the highest mountain in Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu, at 4,095 m. About 16% of Sabah's total forest area is under some form of protection (Butler 2020). Mangrove forests are found largely on the east coast facing the Sulu Sulawesi Seas. Sabah harbours a wide diversity of wildlife, including 221 recorded species of mammals, 98 of amphibians, 197 of reptiles, 664 of birds, and thousands of invertebrate species (Mannan et al. 2013). In addition to orangutans, proboscis monkey, tembadau, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant are also present in Sabah (Mannan et al. 2013).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sabah'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sabah'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|76,000 km²
 
|76,000 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|5.212839 N, 116.996555 E
+
|Lat: 5.212839 , Lon:  116.996555
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical dry forest, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks), Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Urban areas
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
[[File: Sc Proboscis HUTAN.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Proboscis  monkey © HUTAN/KOCP]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
In the early 1980s, WWF-Malaysia estimated 4,000 orangutans in 5,000 sq. km. of Sabah’s primary forest in the eastern lowlands and central uplands. In the mid-1980s, the first aerial nest surveys were conducted; combined with habitat assessments, it was estimated that up to 21,000 orangutans inhabited Sabah´s forest reserves and state parks (Simon et al. 2019). Fifteen years later, in 2002-2003, an aerial and ground nest survey identified 16 major orangutan populations in Sabah with a total 11,000 individuals (Ancrenaz et al. 2005). The most recent aerial survey that followed, between 2014 and 2017, estimated 9,558 orangutans (95% CI: 6,815 to 15,129), with separate studies recording a further 800 orangutans in the Lower Kinabatangan region. This results in a conservative population estimate of 10,300 orangutans in Sabah’s Permanent Forest Reserve and wildlife sanctuary (Simon et al. 2019).
 
In the early 1980s, WWF-Malaysia estimated 4,000 orangutans in 5,000 sq. km. of Sabah’s primary forest in the eastern lowlands and central uplands. In the mid-1980s, the first aerial nest surveys were conducted; combined with habitat assessments, it was estimated that up to 21,000 orangutans inhabited Sabah´s forest reserves and state parks (Simon et al. 2019). Fifteen years later, in 2002-2003, an aerial and ground nest survey identified 16 major orangutan populations in Sabah with a total 11,000 individuals (Ancrenaz et al. 2005). The most recent aerial survey that followed, between 2014 and 2017, estimated 9,558 orangutans (95% CI: 6,815 to 15,129), with separate studies recording a further 800 orangutans in the Lower Kinabatangan region. This results in a conservative population estimate of 10,300 orangutans in Sabah’s Permanent Forest Reserve and wildlife sanctuary (Simon et al. 2019).
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Sabah'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sabah'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 
|2002-2003
 
|2002-2003
−
|11,017 (8,317-18,376)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|11,017 (8,317-18,376)
 
|Sabah
 
|Sabah
−
|Aerial survey and line transects
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter), Line transects
 +
|
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2005
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2005
 
|
 
|
Line 67: Line 77:
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 
|2014-2017
 
|2014-2017
−
|9,558 (6,815-15,129)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|9,558 (6,815-15,129)
 
|Sabah, 63% of the previously surveyed areas (in 2002-2003).
 
|Sabah, 63% of the previously surveyed areas (in 2002-2003).
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 +
|
 
|Simon et al. 2019
 
|Simon et al. 2019
 
|
 
|
Line 77: Line 89:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
 
 +
= Threats =
  
 
Forest conversion and fragmentation are the key threats to orangutans in Sabah (Wich et al. 2008). Between 1973 and 2010, 39% of rainforests were lost in Borneo, including more than 98,000 sq. km of suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019). Specifically, conversion of natural habitat to oil palm and tree plantations is a major threat (Simon et al. 2019).
 
Forest conversion and fragmentation are the key threats to orangutans in Sabah (Wich et al. 2008). Between 1973 and 2010, 39% of rainforests were lost in Borneo, including more than 98,000 sq. km of suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019). Specifically, conversion of natural habitat to oil palm and tree plantations is a major threat (Simon et al. 2019).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Sabah'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sabah'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Deforestation for agriculture (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019).
 
|Deforestation for agriculture (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019).
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|Unknown
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Construction of the Pan Borneo highway is increasing forest fragmentation and opening up forested areas for resource extraction (Tian Tong 2021).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2021)
−
|
+
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Timber extraction (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019).
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|12 Other threat
−
|
+
|12.1 Other threat
−
|Unknown
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Forest fragmentation is the main threat to orangutans in Sabah (SWD 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
 
 
|Hunting pressure, either for meat or human-orangutan conflict situations (Simon et al. 2019).
 
|Hunting pressure, either for meat or human-orangutan conflict situations (Simon et al. 2019).
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
−
|High
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
+
|Impacts of climate change are likely to reduce suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019).
−
|Timber extraction (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019).
 
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 +
Almost half of Sabah's landmass has been gazetted as Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR), which encompasses 3.54 million ha, of which 1.61 million ha are protected forests, and the remaining 1.93 million are production forests (Simon et al. 2019). In addition to the PFR, state parks, wildlife sanctuaries and conservation areas add another 0.27 million ha of protected forests (Simon et al. 2019). In 1998, with support from the Sabah Wildlife Department, [https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN] established the Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme (or KOCP) in the village of Sukau. The 2020-2029 Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah highlights the following objectives and actions to be implemented in the region: halting habitat loss and restore habitat, ensure better protection of orangutans (e.g., more effective law enforcement), ensure survival of orangutans in agricultural landscapes, improve ex-situ practises (e.g., rehabilitation of individuals), and monitor and predict population trends (SWD 2020).
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sabah'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 +
!Category
 +
!Specific activity
 +
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|1 Development impact mitigation
 +
|1.9 Install green bridges (overpasses) or canopy bridges over transportation or service corridors
 +
|[https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN] install orangutan bridges.
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
+
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|In 2002, the Sabah Wildlife Department trained and appointed people from the Kinabatangan community to become “Honorary Wildlife Wardens” or HWWs. HWWs are civilians who are given the same legal powers as rangers from the Sabah Wildlife Department to conserve and manage the natural resources of the State and to apprehend offenders when necessary ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/law-enforcement/ HUTAN]).
 
|
 
|
−
|Impacts of climate change are likely to reduce suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019).
+
|Ongoing (2021)
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|The Sabah Environmental Education Network (SEEN) is a network of people and NGOs working together to implement environmental education programmes and activities in Sabah ([https://ww2.sabah.gov.my/seen/ Sabah SEEN]). The HUTAN Environmental and Awareness Program (HEAP) offers high-quality free environmental education programmes (sanctioned by the Sabah Education Department) to primary and secondary schools throughout Sabah ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/environmental-education/ HUTAN]).
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|More than 80% of the current orangutan population in Sabah occurs in fully protected forests ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN]).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.6 Habitat restoration
 +
|Habitat restoration to link isolated populations ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/reforestation/ HUTAN]).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|6 Species management
 +
|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
 +
|[https://www.orangutan-appeal.org.uk/about-us/sepilok-orangutan-rehabilitation-centre Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre] is located in Sabah. Established in 1964, the centre provides medical care for orphaned and confiscated orangutans.
 
|
 
|
−
|-
+
|Ongoing
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: cons_Reforestation2_HUTAN.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Reforestation © HUTAN/KOCP]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Cons reforestation team HUTAN (2).jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Reforestation team © HUTAN/KOCP]]<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Res observe hutan2.jpg  | 300px | thumb| right | © HUTAN/KOCP]]</ul></div>
 +
= Challenges =
  
−
Almost half of Sabah's landmass has been gazetted as Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR), which encompasses 3.54 million ha, of which 1.61 million ha are protected forests, and the remaining 1.93 million are production forests (Simon et al. 2019). In addition to the PFR, state parks, wildlife sanctuaries and conservation areas add another 0.27 million ha of protected forests (Simon et al. 2019). In 1998, with support from the Sabah Wildlife Department, [https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN] established the Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme (or KOCP) in the village of Sukau.
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sabah'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sabah'''
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Challenges
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Specific challenges
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sabah'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|4.2. Install rope or pole (canopy) bridges
+
|
−
|[https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN] install orangutan bridges.
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
 
−
|In 2002, the Sabah Wildlife Department trained and appointed people from the Kinabatangan community to become “Honorary Wildlife Wardens” or HWWs. HWWs are civilians who are given the same legal powers as rangers from the Sabah Wildlife Department to conserve and manage the natural resources of the State and to apprehend offenders when necessary ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/law-enforcement/ HUTAN]).
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|9. Pollution
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|More than 80% of the current orangutan population in Sabah occurs in fully protected forests ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN]).
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
 
−
|[https://www.orangutan-appeal.org.uk/about-us/sepilok-orangutan-rehabilitation-centre Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center] is located in Sabah. Established in 1964, the center provides medical care for orphaned and confiscated orangutans.
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
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|
 
|
 
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|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
  
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sabah'''
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= Research activities =
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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Research activities have been mainly focused on surveys and biomonitoring, studies on orangutan ecology in disturbed forest as well as agricultural landscapes, genetic studies, and in the past, rehabilitation/post release monitoring. Based on the results of the surveys undertaken by HUTAN and the Sabah Wildlife Department, the government increased the size of areas under protection in the state from about 12% of the land-mass in the early 2000s to 26% today. The ultimate goal of the government is to fully protect 30% of Sabah's land-mass. Currently, more than 80% of the current orang-utan population found in Sabah occurs in fully protected forests ([https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN]).
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
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|-
 
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|Not reported
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
  
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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[[File: as_orangutan1_HUTAN.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © HUTAN/KOCP]]
 +
= Documented behaviours =
  
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[http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/24377541/1392391814550/Sabah_Orangutan_Action_Plan_2012-2016.pdf?token=F2Np%2Frw%2Blb0wr6N76Vz4HBvDrCM%3D Orangutan Action Plan]
 
  
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
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'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Sabah'''
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sabah'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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=External links=
 
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[https://www.orangutan-appeal.org.uk/about-us/sepilok-orangutan-rehabilitation-centre Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center]<br>
 
−
[https://www.orangutan.org.au/project-summaries/hutan-kinabatangan-orangutan-conservation-programme/ Hutan-Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Programme]<br>
 
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[https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN]<br>
 
  
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===Relevant datasets===
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
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 +
 
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 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
[https://www.orangutan-appeal.org.uk/about-us/sepilok-orangutan-rehabilitation-centre Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center]
 +
 
 +
[https://www.orangutan.org.au/project-summaries/hutan-kinabatangan-orangutan-conservation-programme/ Hutan-Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Programme]
 +
 
 +
[https://www.hutan.org.my/our-work/orang-utans/ HUTAN]
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Ancrenaz M, Gimenez O, Ambu L, Ancrenaz K, Andau P, Goossens B, et al. (2005) Aerial Surveys Give New Estimates for Orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biol 3(1): e3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003 <br>
 
−
Simon D, Davies G, Ancrenaz M (2019) Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 <br>
 
−
Wich, S., Meijaard, E., Marshall, A., Husson, S., Ancrenaz, M., Lacy, R., . . . Singleton, I. (2008). Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How many remain? Oryx, 42(3), 329-339. doi:10.1017/S003060530800197X <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Ancrenaz M, Gimenez O, Ambu L, Ancrenaz K, Andau P, Goossens B, et al. (2005) Aerial Surveys Give New Estimates for Orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biol 3(1): e3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''05/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Buttler, R.A (29 June, 2020). Borneo. Mongabay. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/borneo/
 +
 
 +
Mannan, S., Lee, Y.F., Kugan, F., Ong, R.C. & Chung, A.Y.C. (2013). Wealth creation from biodiversity conservation: the Sabah way. Paper presented at the International Conference on Challenges of Extended Mega Urban Regions: the Challenging Face of South East Asia and the World. 19-21 November, 2013, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
 +
 
 +
Sabah Wildlife Department (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota Kibanalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
 +
 
 +
Simon D, Davies G, Ancrenaz M (2019) Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
 +
 
 +
Tian Tong, S.L. (13 August, 2021). Highway cutting through Heart of Borneo poised to be ‘very, very bad’. Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/highway-cutting-through-heart-of-borneo-poised-to-be-very-very-bad/
 +
 
 +
Wich, S., Meijaard, E., Marshall, A., Husson, S., Ancrenaz, M., Lacy, R., . . . Singleton, I. (2008). Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How many remain? Oryx, 42(3), 329-339. doi:10.1017/S003060530800197X
 +
 
 +
 
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'''Page created by: '''Marc Ancrenaz & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:12, 18 March 2025

Asia > Malaysia > Sabah

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Summary

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  • Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in Sabah.
  • It has been estimated that 9,558 (CI: 6,815-15,129) individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 76,000 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans are forest conversion and fragmentation.
  • Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, canopy bridges, involvement of local people in conservation activities, habitat restoration, and capacity building.


  • Kinabalu © HUTAN/KOCP
  • © HUTAN/KOCP
  • © HUTAN/KOCP

Site characteristics

Sabah is one of the 13 states in Malaysia, situated in the north of Borneo. The state covers about 76,000 sq. km. The state features the highest mountain in Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu, at 4,095 m. About 16% of Sabah's total forest area is under some form of protection (Butler 2020). Mangrove forests are found largely on the east coast facing the Sulu Sulawesi Seas. Sabah harbours a wide diversity of wildlife, including 221 recorded species of mammals, 98 of amphibians, 197 of reptiles, 664 of birds, and thousands of invertebrate species (Mannan et al. 2013). In addition to orangutans, proboscis monkey, tembadau, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant are also present in Sabah (Mannan et al. 2013).

Table 1. Basic site information for Sabah

Species 'Pongo pygmaeus morio
Area 76,000 km²
Coordinates Lat: 5.212839 , Lon: 116.996555
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks), Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Urban areas
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Proboscis monkey © HUTAN/KOCP

Ape status

In the early 1980s, WWF-Malaysia estimated 4,000 orangutans in 5,000 sq. km. of Sabah’s primary forest in the eastern lowlands and central uplands. In the mid-1980s, the first aerial nest surveys were conducted; combined with habitat assessments, it was estimated that up to 21,000 orangutans inhabited Sabah´s forest reserves and state parks (Simon et al. 2019). Fifteen years later, in 2002-2003, an aerial and ground nest survey identified 16 major orangutan populations in Sabah with a total 11,000 individuals (Ancrenaz et al. 2005). The most recent aerial survey that followed, between 2014 and 2017, estimated 9,558 orangutans (95% CI: 6,815 to 15,129), with separate studies recording a further 800 orangutans in the Lower Kinabatangan region. This results in a conservative population estimate of 10,300 orangutans in Sabah’s Permanent Forest Reserve and wildlife sanctuary (Simon et al. 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sabah

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2002-2003 11,017 (8,317-18,376) Sabah Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter), Line transects Ancrenaz et al. 2005
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2014-2017 9,558 (6,815-15,129) Sabah, 63% of the previously surveyed areas (in 2002-2003). Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Simon et al. 2019


Threats

Forest conversion and fragmentation are the key threats to orangutans in Sabah (Wich et al. 2008). Between 1973 and 2010, 39% of rainforests were lost in Borneo, including more than 98,000 sq. km of suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019). Specifically, conversion of natural habitat to oil palm and tree plantations is a major threat (Simon et al. 2019).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sabah

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
3 Energy production & mining Absent
10 Geological events Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Deforestation for agriculture (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019). Ongoing (2019)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High (more than 70% of population affected) Construction of the Pan Borneo highway is increasing forest fragmentation and opening up forested areas for resource extraction (Tian Tong 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) Timber extraction (Wich et al. 2008; Simon et al. 2019). Ongoing (2019)
12 Other threat 12.1 Other threat High (more than 70% of population affected) Forest fragmentation is the main threat to orangutans in Sabah (SWD 2020). Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Hunting pressure, either for meat or human-orangutan conflict situations (Simon et al. 2019). Ongoing (2019)
11 Climate change & severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration Present (unknown severity) Impacts of climate change are likely to reduce suitable orangutan habitat (Simon et al. 2019). Ongoing (2019)
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Almost half of Sabah's landmass has been gazetted as Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR), which encompasses 3.54 million ha, of which 1.61 million ha are protected forests, and the remaining 1.93 million are production forests (Simon et al. 2019). In addition to the PFR, state parks, wildlife sanctuaries and conservation areas add another 0.27 million ha of protected forests (Simon et al. 2019). In 1998, with support from the Sabah Wildlife Department, HUTAN established the Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme (or KOCP) in the village of Sukau. The 2020-2029 Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah highlights the following objectives and actions to be implemented in the region: halting habitat loss and restore habitat, ensure better protection of orangutans (e.g., more effective law enforcement), ensure survival of orangutans in agricultural landscapes, improve ex-situ practises (e.g., rehabilitation of individuals), and monitor and predict population trends (SWD 2020).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sabah

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.9 Install green bridges (overpasses) or canopy bridges over transportation or service corridors HUTAN install orangutan bridges. Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares In 2002, the Sabah Wildlife Department trained and appointed people from the Kinabatangan community to become “Honorary Wildlife Wardens” or HWWs. HWWs are civilians who are given the same legal powers as rangers from the Sabah Wildlife Department to conserve and manage the natural resources of the State and to apprehend offenders when necessary (HUTAN). Ongoing (2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use The Sabah Environmental Education Network (SEEN) is a network of people and NGOs working together to implement environmental education programmes and activities in Sabah (Sabah SEEN). The HUTAN Environmental and Awareness Program (HEAP) offers high-quality free environmental education programmes (sanctioned by the Sabah Education Department) to primary and secondary schools throughout Sabah (HUTAN). Ongoing (2021)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat More than 80% of the current orangutan population in Sabah occurs in fully protected forests (HUTAN). Ongoing
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration Habitat restoration to link isolated populations (HUTAN). Ongoing (2021)
6 Species management 6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre is located in Sabah. Established in 1964, the centre provides medical care for orphaned and confiscated orangutans. Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

  • Reforestation © HUTAN/KOCP
  • Reforestation team © HUTAN/KOCP
  • © HUTAN/KOCP

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Sabah

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Sabah

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Research activities have been mainly focused on surveys and biomonitoring, studies on orangutan ecology in disturbed forest as well as agricultural landscapes, genetic studies, and in the past, rehabilitation/post release monitoring. Based on the results of the surveys undertaken by HUTAN and the Sabah Wildlife Department, the government increased the size of areas under protection in the state from about 12% of the land-mass in the early 2000s to 26% today. The ultimate goal of the government is to fully protect 30% of Sabah's land-mass. Currently, more than 80% of the current orang-utan population found in Sabah occurs in fully protected forests (HUTAN).

© HUTAN/KOCP

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sabah

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center

Hutan-Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Programme

HUTAN

Relevant datasets

References

Ancrenaz M, Gimenez O, Ambu L, Ancrenaz K, Andau P, Goossens B, et al. (2005) Aerial Surveys Give New Estimates for Orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biol 3(1): e3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003

Buttler, R.A (29 June, 2020). Borneo. Mongabay. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/borneo/

Mannan, S., Lee, Y.F., Kugan, F., Ong, R.C. & Chung, A.Y.C. (2013). Wealth creation from biodiversity conservation: the Sabah way. Paper presented at the International Conference on Challenges of Extended Mega Urban Regions: the Challenging Face of South East Asia and the World. 19-21 November, 2013, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Sabah Wildlife Department (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota Kibanalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Simon D, Davies G, Ancrenaz M (2019) Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819

Tian Tong, S.L. (13 August, 2021). Highway cutting through Heart of Borneo poised to be ‘very, very bad’. Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/highway-cutting-through-heart-of-borneo-poised-to-be-very-very-bad/

Wich, S., Meijaard, E., Marshall, A., Husson, S., Ancrenaz, M., Lacy, R., . . . Singleton, I. (2008). Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How many remain? Oryx, 42(3), 329-339. doi:10.1017/S003060530800197X


Page created by: Marc Ancrenaz & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA

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