Difference between revisions of "Batang Ai National Park"

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(Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for...")
 
 
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Northwest bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Batang Ai National Park.
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<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|1.220503, 111.947544~[[Batang Ai National Park]]~Northwest bornean orangutan
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}}
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</div>
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* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Batang Ai National Park.
 
* It has been estimated that 119-580 individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 119-580 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
+
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing according to statistical model estimates.
 
* The site has a total size of 24 km².
 
* The site has a total size of 24 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are hunting and expansion of oil palm and wood plantations in the region.
+
* Key threats to orangutans are hunting and habitat loss.
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising, and biomonitoring.
+
* Conservation activities have focused on awareness raising and biomonitoring.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
Batang Ai National Park is located in Sarawak, Malaysia, bordering Indonesia to the south. The park was created as part of a hydroelectric scheme. The Batang Ai Dam is found within the park. Sarawak's largest ethnic group, the Iban, live in traditional longhouses around Batang Ai (Pandong 2019). Batang Ai National Park is contiguous with the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, which also adjoins Bentuang-Karimun National Park in Indonesia; together, these three areas cover almost 10,000 sq. km and form a transboundary conservation area (WCS n.d.). Batang Ai National Park was established in 1991 (Pandong 2019).
+
Batang Ai National Park is located in Sarawak, Malaysia, bordering Indonesia to the south. The park was gazetted in 1991, after the construction of the Batang Ai dam (Horowitz 1998). Sarawak's largest ethnic group, the Iban, live in traditional longhouses around Batang Ai (Pandong 2019). Thousands of Ibans were displaced as a result of the construction of the dam and the establishment of the park. Batang Ai National Park is contiguous with the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, which also adjoins Bentuang-Karimun National Park in Indonesia; together, these three areas cover almost 10,000 sq. km and form a transboundary conservation area ([https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx WCS]).
 +
<div><ul>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: 20230827_094915.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Batang Ai National Park © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: BatangAiDam.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Batang Ai Dam © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
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</ul></div>
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Batang Ai National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Batang Ai National Park'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
|1.220503 N, 111.947544 E
+
|1.220503, 111.947544
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Designation
 
|Designation
Line 88: Line 97:
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
|Oil palm plantations continue to expand in the region (Pandong 2019).
+
|Oil palm plantations continue to expand in the region, threatening to encroach orangutan habitat (Pandong 2019).
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
|Industrial forest plantations growing in the region (Pandong 2019).
+
|Industrial forest plantations growing in the region, which threaten to encroach orangutan habitat (Pandong 2019).
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
|In 2016, the carcass of a flanged male orangutan with gunshot wounds was discovered at the proposed northern extension of Batang Ai National Park (Pandong 2019).
+
|In 2016, the carcass of a flanged male orangutan with gunshot wounds was discovered at the proposed northern extension of Batang Ai National Park (Pandong 2019). A longhouse community living near the park reported that hunters from nearby villages and towns come into the area to hunt orangutans and other wildlife (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2019)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
 
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
|The orangutan radio program entitled “Jerita Bujang Sigat” or “The Saga of Bujang Sigat” was developed and aired to disseminate information about the importance of the park and its ecosystem services as well as to engage local communities to conserve orangutans and other wildlife (WCS n.d.).
+
|The orangutan radio program entitled “Jerita Bujang Sigat” or “The Saga of Bujang Sigat” was developed and aired to disseminate information about the importance of the park and its ecosystem services as well as to engage local communities to conserve orangutans and other wildlife ([https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS]).
 
|2011-2012, 2018
 
|2011-2012, 2018
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions
+
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|An orangutan conservation education and awareness program was conducted by WCS with Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) and also with the assistance of some of the local communities (WCS n.d.).
+
|An orangutan conservation education and awareness program was conducted by WCS with Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) and also with the assistance of some of the local communities ([https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS]).
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions
+
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|The Participatory Photography event with the theme, “Appreciating nature through pictures”, was held at SK. Nanga Delok, a primary school near Batang Ai National Park. This is a boarding school with students from different longhouse communities in the area. It was exciting to see the students becoming more aware and appreciative of their surroundings.
+
|The Participatory Photography event with the theme, “Appreciating nature through pictures”, was held at SK. Nanga Delok, a primary school near Batang Ai National Park. This is a boarding school with students from different longhouse communities in the area ([https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS]).
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was established as a National Park in 1991 (Pandong 2019).
+
|The site was established as a National Park in 1991.
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
The local community is reluctant to collaborate in patrols as field guides or assistants, because of a perceived view that, as a corporate entity, SFC was focussed on reducing losses, making profit, and increasing efficiency. The perceived view by the communities was also because of reduced numbers of park staff at Batang Ai National Park and Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, removal of the staff/village rotation system of hiring local communities, and less permanent and contract staff to work at the park (Pandong 2019).
 
  
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Batang Ai National Park'''
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Batang Ai National Park'''
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
+
|Lack of trust from local communities
 
|Pandong 2019
 
|Pandong 2019
 
|-
 
|-
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[https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx WCS Sarawak]<br>
 
[https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx WCS Sarawak]<br>
 
[https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS]<br>
 
[https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS]<br>
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
 +
Horowitz, L. S. (1998). Integrating indigenous resource management with wildlife conservation: A case study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Human Ecology, 26(3), 371-403.<br>
 
Pandong, J. (2019). Conservation Ecology of Bornean Orangutans in the Greater Batang AiLanjak-Entimau Landscape, Sarawak, Malaysia [Master's thesis, The University of Adelaide.<br>
 
Pandong, J. (2019). Conservation Ecology of Bornean Orangutans in the Greater Batang AiLanjak-Entimau Landscape, Sarawak, Malaysia [Master's thesis, The University of Adelaide.<br>
 
Wich, S.A., E. Meijaard, A.J. Marshall, et al. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx. 42: 329–339.<br>
 
Wich, S.A., E. Meijaard, A.J. Marshall, et al. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx. 42: 329–339.<br>

Latest revision as of 04:29, 18 September 2023

Asia > Malaysia > Batang Ai National Park

Summary[edit]

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  • Northwest Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) are present in Batang Ai National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 119-580 individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is decreasing according to statistical model estimates.
  • The site has a total size of 24 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans are hunting and habitat loss.
  • Conservation activities have focused on awareness raising and biomonitoring.

Site characteristics[edit]

Batang Ai National Park is located in Sarawak, Malaysia, bordering Indonesia to the south. The park was gazetted in 1991, after the construction of the Batang Ai dam (Horowitz 1998). Sarawak's largest ethnic group, the Iban, live in traditional longhouses around Batang Ai (Pandong 2019). Thousands of Ibans were displaced as a result of the construction of the dam and the establishment of the park. Batang Ai National Park is contiguous with the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, which also adjoins Bentuang-Karimun National Park in Indonesia; together, these three areas cover almost 10,000 sq. km and form a transboundary conservation area (WCS).

  • Batang Ai National Park © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth
  • Batang Ai Dam © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth

Table 1. Basic site information for Batang Ai National Park

Area 24 km²
Coordinates 1.220503, 111.947544
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

Between 1999 and 2015 it is estimated that the orangutan population in the region of Sarawak, where the park is located, decreased by 900 individuals (Voigt et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Batang Ai National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 2004 119-580 Batang Ai National Park Line transects (Distance) Wich et al. 2008

Threats[edit]

Table 3. Threats to apes in Batang Ai National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity unknown Oil palm plantations continue to expand in the region, threatening to encroach orangutan habitat (Pandong 2019). Ongoing (2019)
2.2 Wood & pulp plantations Present, but threat severity unknown Industrial forest plantations growing in the region, which threaten to encroach orangutan habitat (Pandong 2019). Ongoing (2019)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity unknown High density of logging roads in the region facilitates access for hunters (Pandong 2019). Ongoing (2019)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown In 2016, the carcass of a flanged male orangutan with gunshot wounds was discovered at the proposed northern extension of Batang Ai National Park (Pandong 2019). A longhouse community living near the park reported that hunters from nearby villages and towns come into the area to hunt orangutans and other wildlife (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

In 2003, the Sarawak Government legalized the Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) to be the Forest Department’s operating arm in managing protected areas and biodiversity conservation in the state. Management changes included greater emphasis on reducing losses and numbers of park staff, as well as reduction in community conservation and communications in totally protected areas, including at Batang Ai National Park. The changes led to general unhappiness among the privileged communities and reduced commitment to protect conservation targets by park authorities, resulting in minimal control over illegal hunting and encroachment into the protected areas at the time.By the 2010s, there were multi-agency efforts to conserve orangutans, address the livelihoods of affected local communities and clarify agency roles and jurisdictions (Pandong 2019).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Batang Ai National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols SMART patrols implemented by WCS Malaysia and the Sarawak Forestry Corporation (Pandong 2019). Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness The orangutan radio program entitled “Jerita Bujang Sigat” or “The Saga of Bujang Sigat” was developed and aired to disseminate information about the importance of the park and its ecosystem services as well as to engage local communities to conserve orangutans and other wildlife (WCS). 2011-2012, 2018
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions An orangutan conservation education and awareness program was conducted by WCS with Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) and also with the assistance of some of the local communities (WCS). Unknown
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions The Participatory Photography event with the theme, “Appreciating nature through pictures”, was held at SK. Nanga Delok, a primary school near Batang Ai National Park. This is a boarding school with students from different longhouse communities in the area (WCS). Unknown
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site was established as a National Park in 1991. Ongoing (2023)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Batang Ai National Park

Challenge Source
Lack of trust from local communities Pandong 2019

Research activities[edit]

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Batang Ai National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links[edit]

Sarawak Tourism Board
WCS Sarawak
WCS

References[edit]

Horowitz, L. S. (1998). Integrating indigenous resource management with wildlife conservation: A case study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Human Ecology, 26(3), 371-403.
Pandong, J. (2019). Conservation Ecology of Bornean Orangutans in the Greater Batang AiLanjak-Entimau Landscape, Sarawak, Malaysia [Master's thesis, The University of Adelaide.
Wich, S.A., E. Meijaard, A.J. Marshall, et al. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx. 42: 329–339.
Voigt, Maria, Wich, Serge A., Ancrenaz, Marc, Meijaard, Erik, Abram, Nicola, Banes, Graham L., Campbell-Smith, Gail, d’Arcy, Laura J., Delgado, Roberto A., Erman, Andi, and others. (2018). Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans. Current Biology, 28 (5). pp. 761-769. ISSN 0960-9822. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053) (KAR id:66068)
WCS. (n.d.).WORKING TOWARDS CONSERVING ORANG-UTANS AND THEIR HABITATS.https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx
WCS. (n.d.). Orang-utan.https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 24/10/2021