Difference between revisions of "Equatorial Guinea Nationwide"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Equatorial Guinea Nationwide]]
 
[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Equatorial Guinea Nationwide]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Equatorial_Guinea_Nationwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Equatorial_Guinea_Nationwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Equatorial_Guinea_Nationwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Equatorial_Guinea_Nationwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Equatorial_Guinea_Nationwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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__TOC__
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= Summary =
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.556135 , 10.460401~[[Equatorial Guinea Nationwide]]~Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes}}</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Equatorial Guinea.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Equatorial Guinea.
 
* It has been estimated that 6,162 (CI: 3,976-11,150) individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 6,162 (CI: 3,976-11,150) individuals occur in the site.
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* Conservation activities have focused on protection of priority areas.
 
* Conservation activities have focused on protection of priority areas.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. The country comprises Bioko Island, Annobón Island, and the larger mainland region of Rio Muni, which lies between Cameroon and Gabon and includes the nearby islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets. Rio Muni covers an area of 26,017 sq. km. The vegetation consists mainly of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, with mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast and inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013). The highest altitude reaches 1,113 m in the Niefang Mountain range. Average annual temperature is around 27°C and annual mean rainfall is 2,500 mm (Murai et al. 2013).
 
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. The country comprises Bioko Island, Annobón Island, and the larger mainland region of Rio Muni, which lies between Cameroon and Gabon and includes the nearby islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets. Rio Muni covers an area of 26,017 sq. km. The vegetation consists mainly of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, with mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast and inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013). The highest altitude reaches 1,113 m in the Niefang Mountain range. Average annual temperature is around 27°C and annual mean rainfall is 2,500 mm (Murai et al. 2013).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Equatorial Guinea'''
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|Species
 +
|Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|28,050 km²
 
|28,050 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|1.556135 N, 10.460401E
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|Lat: 1.556135 N , Lon:  10.460401E
 +
|-
 +
|Type of site
 +
|Unknown
 +
|-
 +
|Habitat types
 +
|Urban areas , Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Marine coastal/supratidal, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of governance
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 
−
|Urban Areas , Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest, Arable Land, Arable Land, Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level forest, Wetlands (inland) – Permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls), Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
 
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The first gorilla survey, conducted in 1966, provided a nationwide density estimate of 0.58 to 0.86 gorilla per sq. km (Murai et al. 2013). Later on, in 1989, surve work led to an estimate of 0.22 to 0.45 nesting gorilla per sq. km, with the highest densities identified to be in Río Campo and the district of Nsork in the southeast of the country (Murai et al. 2013).
 
The first gorilla survey, conducted in 1966, provided a nationwide density estimate of 0.58 to 0.86 gorilla per sq. km (Murai et al. 2013). Later on, in 1989, surve work led to an estimate of 0.22 to 0.45 nesting gorilla per sq. km, with the highest densities identified to be in Río Campo and the district of Nsork in the southeast of the country (Murai et al. 2013).
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The nationwide population size estimate of apes in 2011 stands at 11,097, with a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013). Great apes were most abundant within Monte Alén National Park and the region extending south towards Gabon, which is part of the Monte Alén-Monts de Cristal transboundary landscape (Murai et al. 2013). The Río Campo Nature Reserve is also an important area, as well as the region to the east of the reserve (Murai et al. 2013).
 
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Equatorial Guinea'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
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!Species
−
! Year
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!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
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!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
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|
 
|
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
−
|Model estimate
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|Other
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
−
|Model estimate
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|Other
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
−
|Model estimate
+
|Other
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
−
|Model estimate
+
|Other
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects
 
|survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects
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|
 
|
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
 
|Equatorial Guinea nationwide
−
|Model estimate
+
|Other
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects
 
|survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects
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|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
 
Fuelled by the country's oil boom, Equatorial Guinea's economy has rapidly developed. Forest concessions have grown significantly since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; in fact, between 1993 and 1997 concessions more than doubled to 1.5 million hectares (Murai et al 2013). The area further increased to 1.7 million hectares by 2001. This economic development has also led to greater urbanisation and increased infrastructure development and road construction throughout Río Muni (Murai et al. 2013).
 
Fuelled by the country's oil boom, Equatorial Guinea's economy has rapidly developed. Forest concessions have grown significantly since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; in fact, between 1993 and 1997 concessions more than doubled to 1.5 million hectares (Murai et al 2013). The area further increased to 1.7 million hectares by 2001. This economic development has also led to greater urbanisation and increased infrastructure development and road construction throughout Río Muni (Murai et al. 2013).
  
−
A 2011 nationwide survey revealed that proximity to cities and settlements were important determining factors for chimpanzee abundance in Equatorial Guinea (Murai et al. 2013). Increasing distance to cities and settlements led to increases in chimpanzee abundance. The presence of roads was also identified as a determining factor of gorilla and chimpanzee abundance (Murai et al. 2013). Human population density is high almost throughout the country; not even the most remote areas are further than ~15 km from a road. The effects of high human population density and proximity to roads are aggravated by the lack of patrols in the country's PAs (Strindberg et al. 2018). Roads have made access to the forest easier for hunters. Hunting has also been exacerbated by the ease in the firearm ban in 1979, making both guns and cartridges more affordable and accessible (Murai et al. 2013). Extensive commercial bushmeat hunting in the country and the presence of large urban bushmeat markets in Río Muni are well known (Murai et al. 2013).
+
= Conservation activities =
−
 
 
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
  
 
Two priority landscapes for great ape conservation have been identified, which cover parts of Rio Muni. First, the Monte Alén-Monts de Cristal-Abanga landscape, which incorporates the Monts de Cristal mountain chain running from northwest Equatorial Guinea to southeast Gabon. The Equatorial Guinea sector covers 5,570 sq. km (IUCN 2014). The second is the Río-Campo-Ma’an landscape, which comprises the Río Campo Natural Reserve (347 km²) in Equatorial Guinea and Campo Ma’an NP (CMNP, 2,640 km²) in Cameroon. The landscape falls in the Atlantic coastal forest zone, known for high floral diversity and several endemic plant species (IUCN 2014).
 
Two priority landscapes for great ape conservation have been identified, which cover parts of Rio Muni. First, the Monte Alén-Monts de Cristal-Abanga landscape, which incorporates the Monts de Cristal mountain chain running from northwest Equatorial Guinea to southeast Gabon. The Equatorial Guinea sector covers 5,570 sq. km (IUCN 2014). The second is the Río-Campo-Ma’an landscape, which comprises the Río Campo Natural Reserve (347 km²) in Equatorial Guinea and Campo Ma’an NP (CMNP, 2,640 km²) in Cameroon. The landscape falls in the Atlantic coastal forest zone, known for high floral diversity and several endemic plant species (IUCN 2014).
  
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges =
  
 
Historically, the network of PAs has existed in Equatorial Guinea by law since 1988 (Ley 8/1988). Today, PAs in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land. However, since 2004 there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas, when ECOFAC (Conservation et Utilisation Rationelle des Ecosystèmes Forestieres en Afrique Centrale) suspended its activities in Monte Alén National Park (Murai et al. 2013). This park is the only PA that has received any effective protection since the creation of the PA network in Rio Muni (Murai et al 2013). This lack of law enforcement is threatening wildlife populations (Murai et al. 2013).
 
Historically, the network of PAs has existed in Equatorial Guinea by law since 1988 (Ley 8/1988). Today, PAs in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land. However, since 2004 there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas, when ECOFAC (Conservation et Utilisation Rationelle des Ecosystèmes Forestieres en Afrique Centrale) suspended its activities in Monte Alén National Park (Murai et al. 2013). This park is the only PA that has received any effective protection since the creation of the PA network in Rio Muni (Murai et al 2013). This lack of law enforcement is threatening wildlife populations (Murai et al. 2013).
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Equatorial Guinea'''
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Challenges
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
+
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Lack of law enforcement
+
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Equatorial Guinea'''
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
IUCN (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 56 pp.<br>
 
−
Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., ... & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority areas for large mammal conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PloS one, 8(9), e75024.<br>
 
−
Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., ... & Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science advances, 4(4), eaar2964. <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
IUCN (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 56 pp.
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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 +
Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., ... & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority areas for large mammal conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PloS one, 8(9), e75024.
 +
 
 +
Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., ... & Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science advances, 4(4), eaar2964.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:07, 24 January 2025

Central Africa > Equatorial Guinea > Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Equatorial Guinea.
  • It has been estimated that 6,162 (CI: 3,976-11,150) individuals occur in the site.
  • The great ape population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 28,050 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are bushmeat hunting, logging, infrastructure development leading to habitat loss and increased access to forests.
  • Conservation activities have focused on protection of priority areas.


Site characteristics

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. The country comprises Bioko Island, Annobón Island, and the larger mainland region of Rio Muni, which lies between Cameroon and Gabon and includes the nearby islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets. Rio Muni covers an area of 26,017 sq. km. The vegetation consists mainly of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, with mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast and inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013). The highest altitude reaches 1,113 m in the Niefang Mountain range. Average annual temperature is around 27°C and annual mean rainfall is 2,500 mm (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 1. Basic site information for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

Species Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Area 28,050 km²
Coordinates Lat: 1.556135 N , Lon: 10.460401E
Type of site Unknown
Habitat types Urban areas , Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Marine coastal/supratidal, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The first gorilla survey, conducted in 1966, provided a nationwide density estimate of 0.58 to 0.86 gorilla per sq. km (Murai et al. 2013). Later on, in 1989, surve work led to an estimate of 0.22 to 0.45 nesting gorilla per sq. km, with the highest densities identified to be in Río Campo and the district of Nsork in the southeast of the country (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2005 2,325 (1,510–3,476) Equatorial Guinea nationwide Other Strindberg et al. 2018
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2013 1,872 (1,082–3,165) Equatorial Guinea nationwide Other Strindberg et al. 2018
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2005-2013 4,290 (2,894–7,985) Equatorial Guinea nationwide Other Strindberg et al. 2018
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2011 7,824 (3,703–14,441) Equatorial Guinea nationwide Other Murai et al. 2013 survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2011 11,097 (5,090–20,688) Equatorial Guinea nationwide Other Murai et al. 2013 survey effort of 233.94 km across 83 transects

Threats

Fuelled by the country's oil boom, Equatorial Guinea's economy has rapidly developed. Forest concessions have grown significantly since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; in fact, between 1993 and 1997 concessions more than doubled to 1.5 million hectares (Murai et al 2013). The area further increased to 1.7 million hectares by 2001. This economic development has also led to greater urbanisation and increased infrastructure development and road construction throughout Río Muni (Murai et al. 2013).

Conservation activities

Two priority landscapes for great ape conservation have been identified, which cover parts of Rio Muni. First, the Monte Alén-Monts de Cristal-Abanga landscape, which incorporates the Monts de Cristal mountain chain running from northwest Equatorial Guinea to southeast Gabon. The Equatorial Guinea sector covers 5,570 sq. km (IUCN 2014). The second is the Río-Campo-Ma’an landscape, which comprises the Río Campo Natural Reserve (347 km²) in Equatorial Guinea and Campo Ma’an NP (CMNP, 2,640 km²) in Cameroon. The landscape falls in the Atlantic coastal forest zone, known for high floral diversity and several endemic plant species (IUCN 2014).

Challenges

Historically, the network of PAs has existed in Equatorial Guinea by law since 1988 (Ley 8/1988). Today, PAs in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land. However, since 2004 there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas, when ECOFAC (Conservation et Utilisation Rationelle des Ecosystèmes Forestieres en Afrique Centrale) suspended its activities in Monte Alén National Park (Murai et al. 2013). This park is the only PA that has received any effective protection since the creation of the PA network in Rio Muni (Murai et al 2013). This lack of law enforcement is threatening wildlife populations (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Murai et al. 2013

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Equatorial Guinea Nationwide

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

IUCN (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 56 pp.

Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., ... & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority areas for large mammal conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PloS one, 8(9), e75024.

Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., ... & Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science advances, 4(4), eaar2964.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA

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