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West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Taï National Park

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Summary

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Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Taï National Park.
It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.

Chimpanzees, Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © Sonja Metzger/WCF

Site characteristics

Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, UNESCO 2019a). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (Agelastes meleagrides) and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (Procolobus verus), western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), king colobus (Colobus polykomos), and Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli), forest elephant (Loxodonta africana ), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), Water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra), and Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki). Reptile species include (Crocodylus cataphractus) and African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), Home's hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys homeana).

Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park

Species	'Pan troglodytes verus
Area	5,0812 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 5.77 , Lon: -7.12
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Taï National Park

Species	Year	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Source
Pan troglodytes verus	2016	0.265	0.07 (0.05-0.11)	406 (265-623)	entire	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2016
Pan troglodytes verus	2015	0.57	0.099 (0.060-0.169)	540 (321-909)	entire	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2015
Pan troglodytes verus	2014	0.67	0.044 (0.022-0.091)	238 (116-487)	entire	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2014
Pan troglodytes verus	2013	0.49	0.055 (0.032-0.093)	294 (173-500)	entire	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2013
Pan troglodytes verus	2012	0.39	0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)	264(135-518)	entire	Line transects	Yapi et al. 2012
Pan troglodytes verus	2011	0.58	0.09 (0.05-0.16)	497 (287-868)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2011
Pan troglodytes verus	2010	0.89	0.08 (0.05-0.14)	441 (264-735)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus	2009	1.22	0.077 (0.040-0.147)	361 (230-568)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2009
Pan troglodytes verus	2008	0.91	0.10 (0.06-0.16)	516 (314-847)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2008
Pan troglodytes verus	2007	0.54	0.09 (0.06-0.14)	479 (299-767)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2007
Pan troglodytes verus	2006	0.54	0.089 (0.052-0.155)	480 (280-830)	entire	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2006

Threats

Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Taï National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development		Absent
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Absent
7 Natural system modifications		Absent
9 Pollution		Absent
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b).	Ongoing (2019)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008).	Ongoing (2008)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.2 Problematic native species	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999).	1994
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.2 Problematic native species	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017).	1996-Ongoing (2017)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016).	Ongoing (2016)
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b).	Ongoing (2019)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016).	Ongoing (2016)
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Taï National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation	1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly	support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols	anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.1 Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates	mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2004
3 Species health	3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes	minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 1999
3 Species health	3.4 Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site	quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2008
3 Species health	3.6 Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy	visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2008
3 Species health	3.7 Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.	‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2002
3 Species health	3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring/permanent vet on site	veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2000
3 Species health	3.12 Detect and report dead apes and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission	done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018)	since 2000
4 Education & awareness	4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use	environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
4 Education & awareness	4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management	people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2019)
4 Education & awareness	4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness	several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
4 Education & awareness	4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions	theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)	Ongoing (2018)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)	since 1972
8 Permanent presence	8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site	3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)	since 1979
8 Permanent presence	8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)	since 2013
8 Permanent presence	8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager	Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018	since 1979

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Taï National Park

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Taï National Park

Behavior	Source
Ant dipping	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Ant eating	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Ant eating without tools	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Branch clasping	Whiten et al. 1999
Branch dragging	Whiten et al. 1999
Branch slapping	Whiten et al. 1999
Buttress beating	Whiten et al. 1999
Fluid dipping	Whiten et al. 1999
Honey eating	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Honey extraction with tools	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Honey extraction without tools	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Knuckle-knock	Whiten et al. 1999
Leaf clipping	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Leaf cushion	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Leaf sponging for drinking water	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Marrow pick	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Nut cracking	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Stone throwing	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Termite eating	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Termite eating without tools	Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Wood pounding	Whiten et al. 1999

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.

For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C]	25.7	26.8	26.7	26.9	28
Annual precipitation [mm]	1828	1822	1894	1869	1947
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	24	23.3	22.7	24.9	24.2
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	6.4	7.8	7.5	9.5	10.3

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	3	1.11	2.5	0.83	4	0.62	4	1.27
Drought	0.5	12.5	0	0	0	0	0.25	12.5
Heatwave	13.5	77.15	11.5	87.19	15.5	85.94	17.5	81.94
River flood	1.25	1.46	4	3.22	4.25	2.57	5.25	4.16
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	0.51	30	0.5	29	0.54	29	0.54

Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park
Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International. 2019 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National de Taï et Réserve de faune du N'Zo. Online: www.birdlife.org

Boesch C & Boesch-Achermann H. 2000. The chimpanzees of the Taı¨ Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19).

Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155

Cappelle N et al. 2019. Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 81(3): e22962

Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126.

Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619

Hoffmann, C., Zimmermann, F., Biek, R., Kuehl, H., Nowak, K., Mundry, R., ... & Leendertz, F. H. (2017). Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest. Nature, 548(7665), 82-86.

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Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344.

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