Difference between revisions of "Okapi Wildlife Reserve"
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Latest revision as of 04:20, 14 August 2023
Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Summary
- Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
- It has been estimated that 5,019 individuals occur in the site.
- The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
- The site has a total size of 13,700 km².
- Armed groups involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting are the most concerning threat to chimpanzees and other wildlife in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
- Conservation activities at the site include anti-poaching patrols.
Site characteristics
Established in 1992, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Okapi Conservation Project). The reserve was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996, and it is also an Important Bird Area, with nearly 400 bird species recorded (BirdLife International 2020). The site is one of the largest blocks of intact forest remaining in the Congo Basin. The forest is important for the Mbuti and Efé pygmies, who live here as hunter-gatherers (BirdLife International 2020; UNESCO). The reserve is famous for being home to the largest population of the endemic okapi, Okapia johnstoni (BirdLife International 2020; UNESCO). The reserve supports other mammals of global conservation importance, including eastern chimpanzees, forest elephants, water chevrotains, aquatic genets, bongos, Hamlyn's monkeys, and mountain monkeys (BirdLife International 2020). The site is also notably rich in butterfly species (BirdLife International 2020).
Table 1. Basic site information for Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Area | 13,700 km² |
| Coordinates | 1.758921, 28.504352 |
| Designation | Wildlife Reserve |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest |
IUCN habitat categories Site designations
Ape status
The eastern chimpanzee population remained stable between 2007-2018, at around 5000 individuals; in 2018 the estimate was 5019 individuals (c.i. 3719-6773; CV 15%). However, there is some evidence of a range reduction in the west of the Reserve since 2011 (Madidi et al. 2019).
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii | 2009 | 8,802 | 0.62 | 14,157 sq. km | Index survey (reconnaissance walk) | Plumptre et al. 2010 | |||
| Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii | 2018 | 5019 (3719-6773) | 12,000 sq. km | Line transects (Distance) | Madidi et al. 2019 | survey effort: 321 km |
Threats
The presence of armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting is one of the most concerning threats to the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Most human activity is associated with the concentration of mines in the south and west, both north and south of the national road that bisects the Reserve (Madidi et al. 2019). In 2012, armed rebel groups brutally attacked the headquarters of the reserve, killing six people and 14 captive okapis (Dasgupta 2019). Immigration is also a serious threat, as the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve was rehabilitated, allowing easy access to pristine forests (IUCN).
Table 3. Threats to apes in Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Unknown | ||||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Unknown | ||||
| 3. Energy production & mining | 3.2 Mining & quarrying | High | Illegal gold mining. Miners often depend on bushmeat (Dasgupta 2019). Mining is concentrated in the southern and western parts of the reserve (Madidi et al. 2019). | Ongoing (2019) | |
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | Present, but threat severity is unknown | Rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve from east to west facilitated access to the forest (IUCN). | Ongoing | |
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | Present, but threat severity is unknown | Hunting for bushmeat, linked to illegal mining activities (IUCN). | Ongoing | |
| 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | Present, but threat severity is unknown | Illegal logging and clearing of forest by immigrants (Dasgupta 2019; IUCN). | Ongoing (2019) | ||
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises | High | Armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting (IUCN). | Ongoing | |
| 7. Natural system modifications | Unknown | ||||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Unknown | ||||
| 9. Pollution | Unknown | ||||
| 10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
| 11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
| 12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities
In 2019 an agreement was reached to manage the Okapi Wildlife Reserve between Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Government’s Nature Conservation Agency, ICCN (WCS). Between 2011 and 2019, hunting activity diminished as people have shifted their activities towards the mining camps in the southwest of the reserve. In addition, the core area is regularly patrolled by anti poaching teams (Madidi et al. 2019).
Table 4. Conservation activities in Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Not reported | ||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Not reported | ||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Not reported | ||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Not reported | ||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols | Rangers walk up to 20 days a month to patrol the forest (Okapi Conservation Project, Madidi et al. 2019). | Ongoing (2019) |
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Not reported | ||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Not reported | ||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Not reported | ||
| 9. Pollution | Not reported | ||
| 10. Education & Awareness | Not reported | ||
| 11. Habitat Protection | 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat | The site is designated as a Wildlife Reserve. | Ongoing |
| 12. Species Management | Not reported | ||
| 13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | Not reported |
Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Challenge | Source |
|---|---|
| Lack of logistical means | BirdLife International 2020 |
| Civil unrest | IUCN |
Research activities
A research project has been based at Epulu since the early 1980s and has been supported since 1986 by the Wildlife Conservation Society. Besides conducting the first study of Okapi in the wild, this project has included long-term studies of natural and selectively-logged forest and research into the socio-economic impact of human migration (BirdLife International 2020).
Documented behaviours
Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Making ground nests | Plumptre et al. 2010 |
| Smashing large snails | Plumptre et al. 2010 |
| Smashing tortoises | Plumptre et al. 2010 |
External links
UNESCO Okapi Wildlife Reserve
IUCN World Heritage Outlook
Relevant datasets
References
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Okapi Faunal Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020.
Dasgupta, S. (2019). DRC’s Okapi Wildlife Reserve gets new management partner in WCS. Retrieved 30 December 2020 from Mongabay.com. Web site: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/10/drcs-okapi-wildlife-reserve-gets-new-management-partner-in-wcs/#
Madidi, J., Maisels, F., Kahindo, F., Nsafusa, B., Angemito, T., Manala, M., Ngohe, O., & Liengola, I. 2019. Inventaires des Grands Mammifères et de l’Impact Humaine, Réserve de Faune à Okapis, 2018. Rapport technique No : 01/BION/RFO/2019 p. 40. WCS DRC, Kinshasa, DRC.
Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp
Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/08/2023