Difference between revisions of "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]]
 
[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]]
−
 
−
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
 
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' |
 
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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}}
 
}}
 
</div>
 
</div>
−
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') & Mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
+
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') & mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
 
* It has been estimated that 459 gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population size is unknown.
 
* It has been estimated that 459 gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population size is unknown.
 
* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
 
* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Species
+
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'', ''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
−
|-
 
−
| Area
 
 
|321 km²
 
|321 km²
 
|-
 
|-
Line 39: Line 39:
 
| -1.017254, 29.671192
 
| -1.017254, 29.671192
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Type of site
+
|Designation
−
|Protected area (National Park)
+
|National Park
−
|-
 
−
|Governance type
 
−
|Governance by government
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat type
+
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
  
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Occurrence
 
−
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 
−
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
 
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Survey area
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Sampling method
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Analytical framework
+
! Area
 +
! Method
 
! Source
 
! Source
 
! Comments
 
! Comments
Line 71: Line 66:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|1997
 
|1997
−
|Present
+
|292
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|292
+
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
+
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
−
|Reconnaissance walk
 
−
|Spatial mapping
 
 
|McNeilage et al. 2001
 
|McNeilage et al. 2001
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Line 84: Line 77:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2002
 
|2002
−
|Present
+
|320
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|320
+
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
+
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
−
|Reconnaissance walk
 
−
|Spatial mapping
 
 
|McNeilage et al. 2006
 
|McNeilage et al. 2006
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Line 97: Line 88:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2011
 
|2011
−
|Present
+
|400
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|400
 
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
 
−
|Genetic (dung/hair)
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
 +
|Genetic capture-recapture
 
|Roy et al. 2014
 
|Roy et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
Line 110: Line 99:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2018
 
|2018
−
|Present
+
|459
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|459
 
 
|Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem
 
|Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem
−
|Reconnaissance walk
+
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
−
|Spatial mapping
 
 
|Hickey et al. 2018
 
|Hickey et al. 2018
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
 
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Description
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 141: Line 129:
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 147: Line 136:
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 153: Line 143:
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Low
 
|Low
 +
|
 
|Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|6.3 Other human disturbances
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 +
|
 
|Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|8.4 Pathogens
+
|
 
|High
 
|High
 +
|
 
|Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
Line 183: Line 178:
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 195: Line 192:
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 +
|
 
|Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 +
|12.1 Other threat
 +
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Bwindi gorillas appear to crop-raid because of the availability of palatable foods at the
−
|
+
edge of the park, not due to a lack of dietary items in the park (Hickey et al. 2018).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description  
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Implementing organization
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Development impact mitigation
+
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
+
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Species health
+
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring
 
−
|The ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/where-we-work/ Gorilla Doctors]) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas.
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Education & awareness
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
+
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
−
|The site was declared a National Park in 1991.
 
−
|
 
−
|1991-Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Species management
 
−
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Permanent presence
+
|5. Biological resource use
−
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
[[Conservation activities]]
 
−
 
 
−
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
−
!Challenge
 
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
−
|-
 
−
|1. Site management
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
+
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Ecological context
+
|9. Pollution
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Safety & stability
+
|10. Education & Awareness
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|}
+
|11. Habitat Protection
−
[[Challenges]]
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
 
+
|The site was declared a National Park in 1991.
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
+
|Ongoing
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
−
!Enabler
 
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|12. Species Management
−
|Not reported
+
|12.3. Guard habituated primate groups to ensure their safety/well-being
−
|
+
|The ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/where-we-work/ Gorilla Doctors]) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas.
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−
|Not reported
+
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|}
−
|Not reported
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−
|
+
 
−
|
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
−
|-
+
 
−
|4. Institutional support
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
−
|Not reported
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
|
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
|
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Enablers]]
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320708004175 Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
 +
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043351.20129.44 Dietary Variability of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
 +
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320709003139 Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas] <br>
 +
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024689008159 Behavioral Ecology of Sympatric Chimpanzees and Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Diet] <br>
 +
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.20539?casa_token=mxACZkqVXJMAAAAA:Po9D13Yk0RUvIc7Pmr_2hYFj3M_jNe1q062O-HpsOef6NB1tm1ML_ngZJGckxIqgzXN8GmDSSAXhQ1A9 Sleeping tree choice by Bwindi chimpanzees] <br>
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior
 
!align="left"|Behavior
Line 366: Line 318:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
−
 
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([www.isimip.org ISIMIP]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 
−
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
−
 
−
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''1981-2010'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
−
|16.6
 
−
|17.8
 
−
|17.5
 
−
|17.9
 
−
|19.1
 
−
|-
 
−
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 
−
|1272
 
−
|1288
 
−
|1422
 
−
|1293
 
−
|1411
 
−
|-
 
−
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 
−
|19.4
 
−
|28.4
 
−
|28.9
 
−
|31.6
 
−
|25.8
 
−
|-
 
−
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 
−
|5.6
 
−
|6.9
 
−
|8.1
 
−
|7.5
 
−
|9.5
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Crop failure
 
−
|5
 
−
|0.28
 
−
|4
 
−
|0.72
 
−
|5.5
 
−
|0.38
 
−
|6
 
−
|0.18
 
−
|-
 
−
|Drought
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Heatwave
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|River flood
 
−
|1
 
−
|1.98
 
−
|3
 
−
|2.77
 
−
|1.5
 
−
|1.74
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|2.88
 
−
|-
 
−
|Tropical cyclone
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Wildfire
 
−
|30
 
−
|1.11
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.88
 
−
|29
 
−
|1.13
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.75
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
<div><ul>
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bwindi Impenetrable NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in xxxxxx]] </li>
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bwindi Impenetrable NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in xxxxxx]] </li>
 
−
</ul></div>
 
  
 
=External links=
 
=External links=
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[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
 
[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
 
[https://www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com/ Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda]<br>
 
[https://www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com/ Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda]<br>
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311 <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311 <br>
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
+
 
−
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 03:19, 22 July 2024

East Africa > Uganda > Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Summary[edit]

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  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) & mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 459 gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population size is unknown.
  • The gorilla population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 321 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are linked to high human presence, which poses some risk of disturbance and disease transmission.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism programs and regularly monitoring the health of habituated gorillas.
  • The park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site.
  • Mountain gorilla infant © Dirck Byler
  • Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler
  • Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler

Site characteristics[edit]

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is located in southwestern Uganda, on the edge of the Albertine Rift Valley. The area is one of Uganda's oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests, which dates back over 25,000 years (Uganda Wildlife Authority). Encompassing a series of steep ridges and valleys, Bwindi is the source of five major rivers, which flow into Lake Edward. The park is famous for being home to almost half of the world's mountain gorilla population (Uganda Wildlife Authority). The site is a designated Important Bird Area, with 347 bird species documented in the forest, including 23 endemic species to the Albertine Rift (BirdLife International 2020). Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a (UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site) in 1994.

Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Area 321 km²
Coordinates -1.017254, 29.671192
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

The park is home to one of the two subpopulations of mountain gorillas in the world, the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulation (Hickey et al. 2018). Increases in both the Virunga Massif and the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulations led to a change in the IUCN Red List classification from Critically Endangered to Endangered in 2018 (Hickey et al. 2018). In spite of this increase, the overall population size is still small.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 1997 292 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Index survey (reconnaissance walk) McNeilage et al. 2001 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Gorilla beringei beringei 2002 320 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Index survey (reconnaissance walk) McNeilage et al. 2006 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Gorilla beringei beringei 2011 400 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Genetic capture-recapture Roy et al. 2014
Gorilla beringei beringei 2018 459 Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem Index survey (reconnaissance walk) Hickey et al. 2018 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.

Threats[edit]

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Absent
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Present, but threat severity is unknown Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases High Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration Present, but threat severity is unknown Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
12. Other options 12.1 Other threat Present, but threat severity is unknown Bwindi gorillas appear to crop-raid because of the availability of palatable foods at the

edge of the park, not due to a lack of dietary items in the park (Hickey et al. 2018).

Ongoing (2018)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

The site is managed by the Uganda Wildlife Authority. The management of the site has developed ecotourism programs that support the livelihoods of local communities (UNESCO). Nine groups have been habituated for tourism; the first one was the Mubare gorilla group, since 1993. Conservation Through Public Health work on reducing human-gorilla conflicts in and around the park, and avoiding the transmission of diseases.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site was declared a National Park in 1991. Ongoing
12. Species Management 12.3. Guard habituated primate groups to ensure their safety/well-being The (Gorilla Doctors) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas. Ongoing
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities[edit]

Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Dietary Variability of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas
Behavioral Ecology of Sympatric Chimpanzees and Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Diet
Sleeping tree choice by Bwindi chimpanzees

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links[edit]

UNESCO Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda

Relevant datasets[edit]

A.P.E.S Portal

References[edit]

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020.
Hickey, J.R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K.V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M.M. & Stoinski, T.S. (2018). Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T39999A17989719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39999A17989719.en
Roy, J., Vigilant, L., Gray, M., Wright, E., Kato, R., Kabano, P., Basabose, A., Tibenda, E., Kühl, H.S. and Robbins, M.M. (2014). Challenges in the use of genetic mark-recapture to estimate the population size of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Biological Conservation 180: 249–261
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/01/2021

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