Difference between revisions of "Volcanoes National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Rwanda]] > [[Volcanoes National Park]]
 
[[East Africa]] > [[Rwanda]] > [[Volcanoes National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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__TOC__
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<div style="float: right">
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= Summary =
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
 
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| -1.452661, 29.521122~[[Mountain gorillas]]~
 
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}}
 
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</div>
 
  
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* Mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Volcanoes National Park.
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-1.452661, 29.521122~[[Volcanoes National Park]]~'Gorilla beringei beringei''}}</div>
 +
* Mountain Gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Volcanoes National Park.
 
* The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
 
* The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
 
* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
 
* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
Line 22: Line 15:
 
* The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.
 
* The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]] in Uganda and [[Virunga National Park]] in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).
 
Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]] in Uganda and [[Virunga National Park]] in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).
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In 1929, the site was created, initially named Albert national park, and it was run by the Belgian Colonial Authorities ([https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ Volcanoes National Park]). In the early 1960s, the park was divided as Rwanda and Congo became independent, and by the end of the 1960s, the park was almost half of its original size. In 1967, primatologist Dian Fossey, who had been doing research on mountain gorillas in Congo, fled from insecurity and established her research base between Visoke and Karisimbi volcanoes; later on it would be known as the Karisoke research center. She led conservation campaigns and fought against poaching in the area until her murder in 1985 ([https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ Volcanoes National Park]).
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Species
+
|Species
−
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
+
|'Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Area
+
|Area
 
|160 km²
 
|160 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
| -1.452661, 29.521122
+
|Lat: -1.452661 , Lon:  29.521122
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
 
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Governance type
+
|Habitat types
 +
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Grassland, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|Habitat type
 
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, grassland, wetlands, rocky areas
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.
 
The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Volcanoes National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Occurrence
+
!Occurrence
−
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Survey area
+
!Survey area
−
! Sampling method
+
!Sampling method
−
! Analytical framework
+
!Analytical framework
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2016
 
|2016
−
|Present
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|669 (623-759)
+
|
 +
|669 (CI: 623-759)
 
|Virunga Massif
 
|Virunga Massif
 
|Genetic (dung/hair)
 
|Genetic (dung/hair)
Line 81: Line 74:
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
 
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).
 
Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Volcanoes National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
 
!Specific threats
 
!Specific threats
 
!Threat level
 
!Threat level
Line 95: Line 87:
 
!Year of threat
 
!Year of threat
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|Present (unknown severity)
Line 107: Line 105:
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|5 Biological resource use
−
|
 
−
|Unknown
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|
 
−
|Unknown
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|Present (unknown severity)
Line 125: Line 111:
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|Present (unknown severity)
Line 131: Line 117:
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
Line 137: Line 123:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
Line 143: Line 129:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
Line 149: Line 135:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
Line 155: Line 141:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
Line 167: Line 153:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats]]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]).
 
Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development ([https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation AWF]).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Volcanoes National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
 
!Specific activity
 
!Specific activity
−
!Description  
+
!Description
−
!Implementing organization
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Development impact mitigation
+
|3 Species health
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Species health
 
 
|3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities
 
|3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities
 
|One Health Program  by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/gorilla-doctors-brings-one-health-to-gorillas-and-people-in-rwanda/ Gorilla Doctors]).
 
|One Health Program  by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/gorilla-doctors-brings-one-health-to-gorillas-and-people-in-rwanda/ Gorilla Doctors]).
Line 206: Line 185:
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Education & awareness
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Protection & restoration
 
 
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|
 
 
|The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.)
 
|The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.)
−
|1925-Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Species management
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|8 Permanent presence
−
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
+
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.)
 
|Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.)
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
−
|-
 
−
|8. Permanent presence
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities]]
 
  
−
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Challenges
−
!Challenge
+
!Specific challenges
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|2. Resources & capacity
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|3. Engaged community
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Institutional support
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Challenges]]
+
 
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
 
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Enablers
−
!Enabler
+
!Specific enablers
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Ecological context
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Safety & stability
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Enablers]]
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Research activities =
  
 
Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).
 
Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Volcanoes National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Volcanoes National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 
−
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
  
−
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Volcanoes National Park'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''1981-2010'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
−
|16.6
 
−
|17.8
 
−
|17.5
 
−
|17.9
 
−
|19.1
 
−
|-
 
−
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 
−
|1272
 
−
|1288
 
−
|1422
 
−
|1293
 
−
|1411
 
−
|-
 
−
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 
−
|19.4
 
−
|28.4
 
−
|28.9
 
−
|31.6
 
−
|25.8
 
−
|-
 
−
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 
−
|5.6
 
−
|6.9
 
−
|8.1
 
−
|7.5
 
−
|9.5
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Volcanoes National Park'''
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= External links =
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{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
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|
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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228
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|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
+
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
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[https://africanccf.org/our-projects/ African community and conservation foundation]
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|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
+
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
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[https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP]
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|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Crop failure
 
−
|5
 
−
|0.28
 
−
|4
 
−
|0.72
 
−
|5.5
 
−
|0.38
 
−
|6
 
−
|0.18
 
−
|-
 
−
|Drought
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Heatwave
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|River flood
 
−
|1
 
−
|1.98
 
−
|3
 
−
|2.77
 
−
|1.5
 
−
|1.74
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|2.88
 
−
|-
 
−
|Tropical cyclone
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Wildfire
 
−
|30
 
−
|1.11
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.88
 
−
|29
 
−
|1.13
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.75
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
<div><ul>
 
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Volcanoes NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Volcanoes National Park]] </li>
 
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Volcanoes NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Volcanoes National Park]] </li>
 
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</ul></div>
 
  
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=External links=
 
−
[https://africanccf.org/our-projects/ African community and conservation foundation]<br>
 
−
[https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP]<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.<br>
+
 
−
Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/<br>
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BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.
−
AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation<br>
+
 
−
Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559<br>
+
Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/
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Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
+
 
−
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
+
AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation
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<br>
+
 
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 15/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 05:30, 19 March 2025

East Africa > Rwanda > Volcanoes National Park

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Summary

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  • Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Volcanoes National Park.
  • The gorilla population in the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, has been estimated at 669 (CI: 623–759).
  • The gorilla population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 160 km².
  • Key threats to gorillas are habitat encroachment, illegal hunting and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and research activities.
  • The Karisoke Research Center was established in the park by American primatologist Dian Fossey.


Site characteristics

Volcanoes National Park is located in northwestern Rwanda, bordering Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is contiguous with Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda and Virunga National Park in DRC (BirdLife International 2021). The park is famous for containing five of the eight of the Virunga Massif: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga, and Sabyinyo (AWF). The vegetation in the park is diverse, as it varies considerably with altitude, from montane forest, bamboo zones, montane bogs, subalpine vegetation, and Afro-alpine vegetation past 4,000 m consisting of heath and thicket grassland (BirdLife International 2021). The site holds a rich avifauna which includes many of the Albertine Rift endemics (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 1. Basic site information for Volcanoes National Park

Species 'Gorilla beringei beringei
Area 160 km²
Coordinates Lat: -1.452661 , Lon: 29.521122
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Grassland, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The estimated population of mountain gorillas at the Virunga Massif, which includes Volcanoes National Park, was 669 (CI: 623–759) in 2016 (Granjon et al. 2020). The mountain gorilla population moves freely between protected areas in Uganda, Rwanda and DRC.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Volcanoes National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 2016 669 (CI: 623-759) Virunga Massif Genetic (dung/hair) Granjon et al. 2020

Threats

Although human pressure is very high around the park, it is the best-protected park in Rwanda. Threats include demand for agricultural land, gorilla poaching, encroachment, illegal wood- and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present (unknown severity) Demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Gorilla poaching (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Illegal wood and bamboo harvesting (BirdLife International 2021). Ongoing (2021)
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Conservation awareness campaigns have been conducted around the periphery of the park, aimed at promoting understanding of the park and creating support within the local population (BirdLife International 2021). In 2016, the park generated $16.4 million USD from park entry fees, supporting employment, community-based projects, livelihood development, social services, and infrastructure development (AWF).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Volcanoes National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
3 Species health 3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities One Health Program by the Gorilla Doctors provides annual physicals, immunizations, referrals, eyeglasses, and health education programs to park employees and their families (Gorilla Doctors). Ongoing (2020)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site has been a national park since 1925 (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ecotourism at the park has brought economic opportunities for local people (AWF n.d.) Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Volcanoes National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Volcanoes National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Karisoke Research Centre, created by Diane Fossey, is among the oldest primate field research stations in Africa (BirdLife International 2021).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Volcanoes National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228

African community and conservation foundation

African Wildlife Foundation - Volcanoes NP

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Volcans National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/10/2021.

Volcanoes National Park (n.d.). https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/

AWF (n.d.). Volcanoes National Park: a success story for Rwanda's communities and conservation.https://www.awf.org/blog/volcanoes-national-park-success-story-rwandas-communities-and-conservation

Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L. and Hickey, J.R. (2020), Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv, 23: 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12559


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA

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