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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Ankasa Conservation Area]]
+
[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]
 +
 
 +
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.252710, -2.583665~[[Ankasa Conservation Area]]~Western Chimpanzee}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=4 | layers=OpenTopoMap, OpenStreetMap |25.521581, 93.051847~[[Assam]]~Western hoolock gibbons}}</div>
−
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
+
* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
−
* Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
+
* The population size is unknown.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
+
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
−
* The site has a total size of 509 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
+
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
−
* Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.
+
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
−
 
 
  
  
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
−
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).
+
The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
  
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
|Species
 
|Species
Line 24: Line 25:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|509 km²
+
|78,438 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|5.252710, -2.583665
+
|25.521581, 93.051847
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
+
|Unclassified
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 39: Line 40:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
−
Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
+
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
−
 
 
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Assam'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 58: Line 58:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|1.1 Residential areas
−
|Unknown
+
|High
−
|
+
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|Medium
+
|High
−
|The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 +
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|Unknown
+
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
+
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|Unknown
+
|High
−
|
+
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Low
+
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|2016 - 2020
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 +
|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|High
 +
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 94: Line 112:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
+
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
Line 130: Line 148:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 
= Conservation activities =
 
= Conservation activities =
  
−
The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
 
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Assam'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 142: Line 160:
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
−
|-
 
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
 
−
|1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas
 
−
|Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
 
−
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
 
−
|Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
−
|Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
Line 169: Line 169:
 
|4 Education & awareness
 
|4 Education & awareness
 
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−
|Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5 Protection & restoration
+
|7 Economic & other incentives
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
+
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|Ongoing
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
−
= Challenge =
+
= Challenges =
  
−
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Assam'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
Line 193: Line 193:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of financial means
+
|Lack of long-term funding
−
|
 
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|Lack of logistical means
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
+
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of human resources
+
|Lack of national action plan
 
|
 
|
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
+
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
 
−
|
 
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Research activities =
 +
 +
Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).
 +
 +
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= External links =
 +
 +
[https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak]
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= References =
 +
 +
Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005
 +
 +
Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126.
 +
 +
Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.
 +
 +
Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001
 +
 +
Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Page completed by: '''Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/10/2023

Latest revision as of 10:25, 22 November 2024

Asia > India > Assam

Français | Português | Español | Bahasa Indonesia | Melayu

Summary

Loading map...
  • Western hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) are present in Assam.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
  • Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
  • Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.


Site characteristics

The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis, Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta, Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis, pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina, stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides, Tibetan macaque Macaca thibetana, white-cheeked macaque Macaca luecogenys, capped langur Trachypithecus pileatus, golden langur Trachypithecus geei, Phayre’s langur Trachypithecus phayrei, western hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock, and eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys (Chetry et al. 2021).

Table 1. Basic site information for Assam

Species
Area 78,438 km²
Coordinates 25.521581, 93.051847
Type of site Unclassified
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).

Threats

Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Assam

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014). Ongoing (2023)
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Present, but threat severity unknown Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Present, but threat severity unknown Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity unknown Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Illegal logging of certain species, including Uriam Bischoffia javanica, Simalu Bombax ceiba, Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa, and Titasopa Michelia champaca is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications 7.2 Dams & water management/use Unknown Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Assam

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).

Table 5. Challenge reported for Assam

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Lack of long-term funding Chetry pers. comm. 2023
Lack of national action plan Chetry pers. comm. 2023


Research activities

Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).

Documented behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Aaranyak

Relevant datasets

References

Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005

Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126.

Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.

Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001

Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8


Page completed by: Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 04/10/2023

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