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[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Ala Forest Reserve]]
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[[Asia]] > [[Thailand]] > [[Bala Forest]]
 +
 
 +
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.051510, 5.436220~[[Ala Forest Reserve]]~Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.787548 , 101.809392 ~[[Bala Forest]]~Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis}}</div>
−
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') have been present in Ala Forest Reserve.
+
* Siamangs (''Symphalangus syndactylus'') and agile gibbons (''Hylobates agilis'') are present in Bala Forest.
−
* Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site.
+
* In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
+
* The population trends are  unknown.
−
* The site has a total size of 199 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 168 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging for oil palm, cocoa, and teak plantations.
+
* Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
−
* Conservation activities not documented.
+
* Conservation activities are not documented.
−
 
+
* The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
  
  
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
 +
The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest'''
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|
+
|Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|199 km²
+
|168 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|7.051510, 5.436220
+
|5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Forest Reserve
+
|Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 39: Line 41:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
−
Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct in Ala Forest Reserve. During a 2006 survey, no chimpanzees, nor signs of chimpanzees, were encountered (Greengrass 2006).
+
In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 +
!Species
 +
!Year
 +
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
 +
!Total number groups (95% CI)
 +
!Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)
 +
!Area
 +
!Method
 +
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Symphalangus syndactylus''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|19
 +
|0.32
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Hylobates agilis''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|136
 +
|2.27
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).
 +
|
 +
|}
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
The northern half of the reserve is dominated by teak, oil palm, and cocoa plantations (Greengrass 2006). In the southern half of the reserve, even though the forest seems to be in a better condition, logging pressure is very high and large mammals are very scarce (Greengrass 2006).
+
The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
 
!Specific threats
 
!Specific threats
Line 65: Line 102:
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|Unknown whether the threat category is present
−
|Oil palm and cocoa plantations in the northern half of the reserve (Greengrass 2006)
+
|Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
 
−
|High
 
−
|Land cleared for teak plantations (Greengrass 2006)
 
−
|Ongoing (2006)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
Line 82: Line 113:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|A road crosses the reserve from north to south (Greengrass 2006)
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Absent
 +
|In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|High
 
|High
−
|Hunter trails and a large number of discarded cartridges were found in the southern part of the reserve, where chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
+
|People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|High
+
|Low
−
|Logging pressure is high in the area were chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
+
|Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 137: Line 174:
 
|12 Other threat
 
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 
= Conservation activities =
 
= Conservation activities =
  
  
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
= Challenges =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
 
−
!Category
+
 
−
!Specific activity
+
 
−
!Description
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest'''
−
!Implementing organization(s)
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−
!Year of activity
+
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Year(s)
 +
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
 
−
|1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas
 
−
|Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Not  reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Year(s)
 +
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
+
|1 Site management
−
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
+
|
−
|Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|
−
|Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
−
|Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4 Education & awareness
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
−
|Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
−
= Challenge =
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Ala Forest Reserve'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!Challenges
 
−
!Specific challenges
 
−
!Year(s)
 
−
!Source
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Corruption
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of financial means
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
  
−
No information on research activities has been documented.
 
  
  
Line 230: Line 253:
  
  
 +
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 +
!Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not  reported
 +
|
 +
|}
  
 +
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 
−
 
−
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
−
 
−
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>
 
  
  
 +
= External links =
  
  
  
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
  
  
 +
= References =
  
−
= References =
+
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.
  
 +
Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).
  
−
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.
 
  
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
 
  
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 19/11/2020
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/12/2021

Latest revision as of 16:32, 22 November 2024

Asia > Thailand > Bala Forest

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Summary

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  • Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) are present in Bala Forest.
  • In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 168 km².
  • Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.


Site characteristics

The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest

Species Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
Area 168 km²
Coordinates 5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
Type of site Wildlife Sanctuary
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest

Species Year Total number indiv. (95% CI) Total number groups (95% CI) Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Symphalangus syndactylus 2005 19 0.32 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
Hylobates agilis 2005 136 2.27 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).

Threats

The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Unknown whether the threat category is present Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Absent In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Not reported


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest

Enablers Specific enablers Year(s) Source
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.

Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:29/12/2021

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