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[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Ala Forest Reserve]]
+
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Ankasa Conservation Area]]
 +
 
 +
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.051510, 5.436220~[[Ala Forest Reserve]]~Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.252710, -2.583665~[[Ankasa Conservation Area]]~Western Chimpanzee}}</div>
−
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') have been present in Ala Forest Reserve.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
−
* Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site.
+
* Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
−
* The site has a total size of 199 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 509 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging for oil palm, cocoa, and teak plantations.
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
−
* Conservation activities not documented.
+
* Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.
  
  
Line 16: Line 18:
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
 +
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|199 km²
+
|509 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|7.051510, 5.436220
+
|5.252710, -2.583665
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Forest Reserve
+
|Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 39: Line 41:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 +
 
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
−
Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct in Ala Forest Reserve. During a 2006 survey, no chimpanzees, nor signs of chimpanzees, were encountered (Greengrass 2006).
+
Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
 +
 
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 +
!Species
 +
!Year
 +
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 +
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
 +
!Area
 +
!Method
 +
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2016
 +
|0
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Ankasa Conservation Area
 +
|
 +
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
  
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
The northern half of the reserve is dominated by teak, oil palm, and cocoa plantations (Greengrass 2006). In the southern half of the reserve, even though the forest seems to be in a better condition, logging pressure is very high and large mammals are very scarce (Greengrass 2006).
+
There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
 
!Specific threats
 
!Specific threats
Line 65: Line 93:
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|Medium
−
|Oil palm and cocoa plantations in the northern half of the reserve (Greengrass 2006)
+
|The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
 
−
|High
 
−
|Land cleared for teak plantations (Greengrass 2006)
 
−
|Ongoing (2006)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
Line 82: Line 104:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|A road crosses the reserve from north to south (Greengrass 2006)
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|Low
−
|Hunter trails and a large number of discarded cartridges were found in the southern part of the reserve, where chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
+
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2006)
+
|2016 - 2020
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
−
|High
 
−
|Logging pressure is high in the area were chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
 
−
|Ongoing (2006)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 137: Line 153:
 
|12 Other threat
 
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 +
 
 
= Conservation activities =
 
= Conservation activities =
  
 +
The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
 
!Category
 
!Category
 
!Specific activity
 
!Specific activity
Line 192: Line 209:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
−
= Challenge =
 
  
 +
= Challenges =
  
 +
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Ala Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
 
!Specific challenges
 
!Specific challenges
Line 205: Line 223:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|Corruption
+
|Lack of financial means
 +
|
 +
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Lack of logistical means
 +
|
 +
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Lack of human resources
 +
|
 +
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
 +
|
 +
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 +
 
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Year(s)
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of financial means
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Greengrass 2006
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
  
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
  
−
No information on research activities has been documented.
+
 
  
  
Line 230: Line 298:
  
  
 +
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 +
!Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
  
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
Line 237: Line 315:
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
  
−
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>
+
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
 +
!'''Value'''
 +
!'''1981-2010'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|27.2
 +
|28.2
 +
|28.1
 +
|28.4
 +
|29.3
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1649
 +
|1583
 +
|1674
 +
|1625
 +
|1711
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|24.4
 +
|24.6
 +
|26.3
 +
|23.5
 +
|29.4
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|7.1
 +
|8.8
 +
|8.6
 +
|8
 +
|10.4
 +
|}
  
 +
 +
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
 +
!'''Type'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|2.06
 +
|3.5
 +
|1.5
 +
|1
 +
|0.87
 +
|2
 +
|2.4
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|1.75
 +
|100
 +
|1.25
 +
|100
 +
|0.25
 +
|25
 +
|1.75
 +
|50
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|18
 +
|100
 +
|15.5
 +
|100
 +
|21.5
 +
|100
 +
|17.5
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|1
 +
|4.59
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|2.29
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.39
 +
|30
 +
|0.36
 +
|29
 +
|0.39
 +
|29
 +
|0.37
 +
|}
  
 +
 +
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area]] </li></ul></div>
  
 +
= External links =
  
 +
[https://fcghana.org/ Ghana Forestry Commission]
  
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
  
Line 249: Line 440:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.
+
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
  
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
+
Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)
  
  
  
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 19/11/2020
+
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 14/08/2023

Latest revision as of 16:06, 22 November 2024

West Africa > Ghana > Ankasa Conservation Area

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Summary

Loading map...
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
  • Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
  • The site has a total size of 509 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.


Site characteristics

Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 509 km²
Coordinates 5.252710, -2.583665
Type of site Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2016 0 Ankasa Conservation Area Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016


Threats

There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). 2016 - 2020
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Lack of financial means Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of logistical means Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of human resources Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of trust and support from local communities Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Enablers Specific enablers Year(s) Source
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ankasa Conservation Area

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 27.2 28.2 28.1 28.4 29.3
Annual precipitation [mm] 1649 1583 1674 1625 1711
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 24.4 24.6 26.3 23.5 29.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7.1 8.8 8.6 8 10.4


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 2.06 3.5 1.5 1 0.87 2 2.4
Drought 1.75 100 1.25 100 0.25 25 1.75 50
Heatwave 18 100 15.5 100 21.5 100 17.5 100
River flood 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.59
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 2.29
Wildfire 30 0.39 30 0.36 29 0.39 29 0.37


  • Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area
  • Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area

External links

Ghana Forestry Commission

Relevant datasets

References

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.

Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)


Page completed by: Richard Ofori-Amanfo Date: 14/08/2023

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