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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Ankasa Conservation Area]]
+
[[Asia]] > [[Thailand]] > [[Bala Forest]]
  
−
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.252710, -2.583665~[[Ankasa Conservation Area]]~Western Chimpanzee}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.787548 , 101.809392 ~[[Bala Forest]]~Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis}}</div>
−
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
+
* Siamangs (''Symphalangus syndactylus'') and agile gibbons (''Hylobates agilis'') are present in Bala Forest.
−
* Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
+
* In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
+
* The population trends are  unknown.
−
* The site has a total size of 509 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 168 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
+
* Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
−
* Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.
+
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 +
* The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
  
  
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
−
= Site_characteristics =
+
The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest'''
−
 
 
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Pan troglodytes verus
+
|Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|509 km²
+
|168 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|5.252710, -2.583665
+
|5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
+
|Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 42: Line 42:
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
−
 
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
−
Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
+
In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
!Species
−
|2016
+
!Year
−
|0
+
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
−
|NA
+
!Total number groups (95% CI)
−
|NA
+
!Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)
−
|Ankasa Conservation Area
+
!Area
−
|NA
+
!Method
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016
+
!Source
−
|NA
+
!Comments
−
|NA
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Symphalangus syndactylus''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|19
 +
|0.32
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Hylobates agilis''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|136
 +
|2.27
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 82: Line 102:
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|Medium
+
|Unknown whether the threat category is present
−
|The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
Line 100: Line 120:
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Absent
 +
|In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|High
 +
|People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|2016 - 2020
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 148: Line 180:
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Challenges =
  
−
= Conservation activities =
 
  
−
The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−
!Category
+
!Challenges
−
!Specific activity
+
!Specific challenges
−
!Description
+
!Year(s)
−
!Implementing organization(s)
+
!Source
−
!Year of activity
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
 
−
|1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas
 
−
|Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Not  reported
−
|-
 
−
|1 Development impact mitigation
 
−
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
 
−
|Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
−
|Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|4 Education & awareness
 
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
−
|Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|Ongoing
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+
 +
= Enablers =
  
−
= Challenges =
 
  
−
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!Challenges
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific challenges
+
!Specific enablers
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of financial means
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of logistical means
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of human resources
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
   
 
   
−
 
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
−
 
  
  
Line 243: Line 253:
  
  
−
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
!Behavior
 
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Not reported
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
   
 
   
−
 
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 
  
−
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
−
 
−
[https://fcghana.org/ Ghana Forestry Commission]
 
−
 
−
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
 
−
!'''Value'''
 
−
!'''1981-2010'''
 
−
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
−
|27.2
 
−
|28.2
 
−
|28.1
 
−
|28.4
 
−
|29.3
 
−
|-
 
−
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 
−
|1649
 
−
|1583
 
−
|1674
 
−
|1625
 
−
|1711
 
−
|-
 
−
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 
−
|24.4
 
−
|24.6
 
−
|26.3
 
−
|23.5
 
−
|29.4
 
−
|-
 
−
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 
−
|7.1
 
−
|8.8
 
−
|8.6
 
−
|8
 
−
|10.4
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
 
−
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area]] </li></ul></div>
 
−
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
 
−
!'''Type'''
 
−
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Crop failure
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|2.06
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|1.5
 
−
|1
 
−
|0.87
 
−
|2
 
−
|2.4
 
−
|-
 
−
|Drought
 
−
|1.75
 
−
|100
 
−
|1.25
 
−
|100
 
−
|0.25
 
−
|25
 
−
|1.75
 
−
|50
 
−
|-
 
−
|Heatwave
 
−
|18
 
−
|100
 
−
|15.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|21.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|17.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|-
 
−
|River flood
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|1
 
−
|4.59
 
−
|-
 
−
|Tropical cyclone
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0.5
 
−
|2.29
 
−
|-
 
−
|Wildfire
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.39
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.36
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.39
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.37
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
= External links =
 
= External links =
Line 387: Line 277:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
+
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.
  
−
Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)
+
Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).
  
  
  
−
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 14/08/2023
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/12/2021

Latest revision as of 16:32, 22 November 2024

Asia > Thailand > Bala Forest

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Summary

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  • Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) are present in Bala Forest.
  • In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 168 km².
  • Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.


Site characteristics

The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest

Species Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
Area 168 km²
Coordinates 5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
Type of site Wildlife Sanctuary
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest

Species Year Total number indiv. (95% CI) Total number groups (95% CI) Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Symphalangus syndactylus 2005 19 0.32 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
Hylobates agilis 2005 136 2.27 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).

Threats

The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Unknown whether the threat category is present Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Absent In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Not reported


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest

Enablers Specific enablers Year(s) Source
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.

Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:29/12/2021

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