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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Mont Sângbé National Park]]
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve_(TSWR)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve_(TSWR)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve_(TSWR)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve_(TSWR)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve_(TSWR)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.897222°  30.363333° ~[[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)]]~Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|8.013935, -7.290896~[[Mont Sângbé National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
−
= Site characteristics =
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Mont Sângbé National Park.
 +
* A population of 15 individuals was estimated in 2016.
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
 +
* The site has a total size of 975.54 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
 +
* Conservation activities implemented include biomonitoring.
  
−
Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve is located in western Uganda, between 00 50’–10 05’N, 300 20’–300 35’E, covering an area of 548 km2), that spans across Ntoroko and Kabarole districts (Samson, 2012) . It was originally established as a game reserve in 1926 with a major aim of protecting the large number of Uganda Kobs in the area (Lamprey and Michelmore, 1996). The Reserve is set on the floor a rift valley landscape, between the Rwenzori Mountains, Kijura Escarpment, and Lake Albert, hence its a relatively low altitude starting from around 700m above sea level. The area experiences two distinct Wet seasons (March to May and August to November) with hot temperatures reach around 30°C during daytime and drop up to 18°C during nighttime.
 
  
−
The dominant vegetation type is the open acacia-combretum woodland and grassy savannah, interspersed with patches of Borassus palm forest, significant belts of riparian woodland along the main watercourses, as well as some extensive swamps towards Lake Albert (Hunt and McGrew 2002). The most common main canopy riverine tree species is Ugandan ironwood (Cynometra alexandri), followed by Millettia dura and Kigelia africana.  The understory is dominated by Beilschmiedia ugandensis.  Other common species include; Celtis africana, C. intergrifolia, C. mildbraedii, C. brownii, Albizia grandibracteata, A. coriaria, Chrysophyllum sp.,  Phoenix reclinata, Polyscias fulva, and Cola gigantea (Hunt & Lee, 2020; from SCP records)
+
= Site characteristics =
−
 
 
−
Mammalian species commonly sited at the reserve include Elephant, Buffalo, Uganda Kob, Waterbuck, Warthog, Giant Forest Hog and Hippopotamus. The area boosts a diverse avian population, with a checklist reaching over 462 bird speciesPrimates are also fairly represented at site, with species such as Baboons, and Monkeys including Vervet, Red-tailed, and Black and White Colobus thriving in the area  (UWA, 2019).
 
−
 
 
−
Four communities living around the reserve namely; Karugutu-Kyabandara community, Rwebisengo community, Ntoroko fishing community, and Kasesenge–Kyakabaseke community (UWA, 2019)
 
  
−
Great apes particularly the chimpanzees are registered at the reserve, with over three chimpanzee communities (Hunt & Lee, 2020):  Mugiri community with roughly 150 chimpanzees resident in Mugiri River Forest: Nyabaroga community which speculated to be relatively safe and supporting about 50 individuals, UWA rangers still report pant-hoots there: Muzizi community; Pant-hoots and chimp nests were observed in Muzizi River forest several times for period 1996 and 1997. However subsequent visits to the same area in 2008, showed this forest block had disappeared due to illegal logging hence status of chimpanzees here is unknown.
+
Mont Sângbé National Park is located in western Côte d’Ivoire, bordered by the Sassandra river to the east (BirdLife International 2022). The Bafing river, an affluent of the Sassandra, flows east across the southern part of the park. The park forms part of the eastern end of the highland chain that extends through Guinea and northern Liberia. The terrain is rugged, with many inselbergs and several peaks that reach over 700 m (BirdLife International 2022; Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The vegetation consists mainly of dense savanna woodland with some small patches of deciduous forest as islands in the savanna or as galleries along watercourses (BirdLife International 2022).
  
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|548
+
|975.54 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|0.897222° N 30.363333° E
+
|Lat: 8.013935 , Lon:  -7.290896
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Conservation area
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Shrubland, Grassland
+
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical moist forest, savanna, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
−
|Governance by government
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 43: Line 43:
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
 +
Reconnaissance surveys were conducted at the site in 2015 and 2016. Surveys in the southern sector of the park could not be completed due to the difficulty of the terrain. No traces of chimpanzees were found in the southern sector, but there may have been chimpanzees in the areas that were difficult to access (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). North of the Bafing River appeared to be a group of about 15 individuals. Based on genetic analyses, 14 individuals were identified from over 200 faecal samples; the individuals were found to be extremely inbred (Lester et al. 2021).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
!Species
 
!Species
Line 58: Line 58:
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−
|1999
+
|2015-2016
−
|66.06(40-90)
+
|15
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022
 +
|A maximum of 13-14 fresh nests were reported at any daily site.
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2020
 +
|70 (40-123)
 +
|0.023 (0.013-0.042)
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda, 2020
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2021
 +
|54 (30-98)
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda et al. 2021
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2022
 +
|53 (35-115)
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda, 2023
 
|
 
|
−
|Toro Semliki WR
 
−
|Line transects
 
−
|(Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003)
 
−
|Survey classified site as a low density site hence density estimates were not possible. Only 60 nest building chimpanzees were estimated by study
 
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
Line 72: Line 105:
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
 +
The national park is surrounded by savanna and farmland, making it a geographic island with low or no connectivity to other chimpanzee populations (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Although chimpanzees are not targeted by hunters, they are killed opportunistically. Many in the local population do not have a taboo against eating chimpanzee meat (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 81: Line 114:
 
!Description
 
!Description
 
!Year of threat
 
!Year of threat
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|"The range of the Mugiri chimpanzees is
+
|Widespread destruction of the landscape for cocoa plantations in particular, observed during a 2016 survey (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
−
limited to the northeast by tea estates" (Samson, 2012).
+
|2016-Ongoing (2022)
−
Tea plantations increased in coverage 0.56%-0.99% 1995-2006 (Patrick et al.,2012)
+
|-
−
|Ongoing: 1995
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Cattle pasturing; herders enter the savanna/dry forest areas of the park. Grass is burnt annually, and this wildfire can penetrate quite deep into the wet forest (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5 Biological resource use
+
|3 Energy production & mining
−
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Unknown
−
|Illegal logging for charcoal burning (Hunt & Lee, 2020)
+
|
−
|On going; first documented in1996
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Unknown
−
|"Peasant holdings at the top of the escarpment" (Samson, 2012)
+
|
−
|Ongoing 2012
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
−
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|The Muzizi River forest block disappeared by 2008 due to deforestation from illegal logging (Hunt & Lee, 2020)
+
|Chimpanzees are not targeted for hunting in the park, but have been killed there when the opportunity has presented itself (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The comparison of the recorded aggression indices during this phase with those from previous phases (2017 to 2021) suggests that poaching is the main threat to the PNMS. A comparison of the data from 2017 to 2022 shows a decline in aggression indices (Beda et al. 2023).
−
|On going; first documented in1996
+
 
 +
 
 +
There is a notable disparity in the level of poaching between the rainy and dry seasons. Specifically, poaching is more intense during the dry season than in the rainy season, a trend that was corroborated by Chiapo in 2022.
 +
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Unknown
−
|Political instability involving Allied Democratic Front ADF counter response by Uganda Peoples Defense Force UPDF, with activities such as gunfire disrupt ranges of chimpanzees. Started around 1997 and peaked 2000  (Hunt & Lee, 2020: Patrick et al., 2012: Edroma et al., 1997)
+
|
−
|On going less severe: 1997
+
|
 +
|-
 +
|7 Natural system modifications
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3 Energy production & mining
+
|9 Pollution
−
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Unknown
−
|Since 1997 seismic surveys in the reserve and outside the reserve are reported
+
|
−
|On going:1997
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5 Biological resource use
+
|10 Geological events
−
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+
|
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|Absent
−
|Unintentional effect on Chimpanzees. Poaching by organized groups particularly from Congo using snares, dogs, automatic weapons, spears (Patrick et al., 2012)
+
|
−
|On going, less intense: 1978
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|11 Climate change & severe weather
−
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
+
|12.1 Other threat
 
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|Sensitivity of habitats to climate variability, rainfall variations affecting frequency and intensity of fires (Patrick et al., 2012)
+
|Climate change will likely impact the site, e.g., impact of rivers drying up or diminishing sources of permanent rivers, as well as other effects due to temperature and rainfall changes (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
−
Chimpanzees live in a relatively dry habitat affected by periodic droughts causing drying up of water points (UWA,2020)
+
|Ongoing (2022)
−
|Ongoing: 2012. Expected to be more severe in the near future
+
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
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−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 146: Line 209:
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat
 
−
|Management zones were created which include; Tourism, Administrative and Wilderness zones (UWA, 2020). Wilderness zones are established to protect critical habitat for endangered and vulnerable species such as Chimpanzees
 
−
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
 
−
|Ongoing: 2020
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 
−
|WCS secured support through the USAID WILD project to work with communities next to the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve. The aim was to reduce pressure on natural resources and elicit community support for conservation efforts. This is done through engaging environmentally friendly tourism-related enterprises such as  beekeeping, art and crafts, music, dance and drama to generate income.
 
−
|WCS, USAID WILD project and UWA
 
−
|Ongoing: 2007
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
−
|Proposal to elevate status from Wildlife reserve to National Park, so as to afford more protection to area
 
−
|Uganda Wildlife Authority and Uganda government
 
−
|Near future
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
−
|Increased patrol efforts and improved report by communities to curb poaching
+
|In the Mont Sangbé National Park, ecological monitoring is conducted annually by the Western Zone Directorate with support from technical and financial partners. This monitoring focuses on a set of animal species identified as conservation targets and the factors influencing their distribution. The goal of the program for the 2020-2030 period, as outlined in the Park's Management and Development Plan, is to "Contribute to improving the management of the MSNP based on knowledge derived from the results of ecological monitoring and research." The program centers around assessing the conservation status of the SMNP based on the ecological monitoring findings and capitalizing on research outcomes (Beda et al. 2021).
−
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
+
|Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves
−
|Ongoing; 2012
+
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
−
|-
 
−
|4 Education & awareness
 
−
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 
−
|Project takes in locals as volunteers and also employ local stuff to work as field assistants (Hunt & Lee, 2020)
 
−
|Semliki Chimpanzee Project
 
−
|Ongoing; 1996
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 183: Line 222:
  
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
Line 189: Line 228:
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
−
|-
 
−
|2 Resources and capacity
 
−
|2.2 Lack of staff
 
−
|(Hunt & Lee, 2020: UWA, 2020)
 
−
|2012
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 Resources and capacity
 
−
|2.3 General lack of funding
 
−
|(Hunt & Lee, 2020: UWA, 2020)
 
−
|2012
 
−
|-
 
−
|4 Institutional support
 
−
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|(Hunt & Lee, 2020: Patrick et al.,2012)
 
−
|2012
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
 
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
−
|(UWA, 2020)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|2020
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
−
|(UWA, 2020)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|2020
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6 Safety and stability
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
+
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
−
|(Patrick et al.,2012)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|1997
+
|Ongoing (2022)
−
|-
 
−
|3 Engaged community
 
−
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
 
−
|(UWA, 2020)
 
−
|2020
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 230: Line 249:
  
  
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
!Enablers
 
!Enablers
Line 237: Line 256:
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Resources and capacity
+
|1 Site management
−
|2.1 Sufficient staff
+
|
−
|(UWA, 2020)
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|2.2 Sufficient funding
+
|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions
−
|(UWA, 2020)
+
|Beda, 2023
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Institutional support
 
|4 Institutional support
−
|4.2 Strong government support
+
|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
−
|(UWA, 2020)
+
|Beda, 2023
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3 Engaged community
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
+
|
−
|(UWA, 2020)
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Other (Elevate status from Wildlife reserve to National Park))
 
−
|(UWA, 2020)
 
−
|2020
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
  
−
Researchers from the University of Indiana have been studying chimpanzees in the riverine forest at Mugiri under The Semliki Chimpanzee Project, founded in 1996
+
The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]).
  
 
= Documented behaviours =
 
= Documented behaviours =
Line 271: Line 295:
  
  
−
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve (TSWR)'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
!Behavior
 
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Selective insectivory
+
|Not reported
−
|Webster et al. 2014
+
|
−
|-
 
−
|Well digging by wild chimpanzees
 
−
|McGrew et al. 2007
 
−
|-
 
−
|Coprophagy
 
−
|Payne et al. 2008
 
−
|-
 
−
|Grooming Hand-Clasp
 
−
|Webster et al. 2019
 
−
|-
 
−
|Chimpanzee nesting (morphology and ecology of arboreal sleeping platforms)
 
−
|Samson (2012)
 
−
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= References =
 
= References =
  
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Edroma, E., Rosen, N. and Miller, P. 1997. (eds) Conserving the Chimpanzees of Uganda. Population and habitat viability assessment for Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.
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BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sangbe Mountain National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/06/2022.
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Hunt, K. D. & Lee, G.J. (2020). "The Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve". Bloomington, Indiana, United States: Indiana University: Semliki Chimpanzee Project. https://semliki.sitehost.iu.edu/. Retrieved on  5th November 2024.
 
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Hunt, K. D., & McGrew, W. C. (2002). Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal and Semliki wildlife reserve, Uganda. Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos, 1, 35-51.
 
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Lamprey, R. H., & Michelmore, F. (1996). The wildlife protected areas of Uganda: preliminary aerial survey results and their assessment plus initial recommendations. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife, and Antiquities.
 
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McGrew, W. C., & Hunt, K. D. (2011). < Note> Chimpanzee Pith-Folding at Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 18(2), 15-18.
 
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McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., & Hunt, K. D. (2007). Etho-archaeology of manual laterality: Well digging by wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 78(4), 240-244.
 
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McLennan, M. R. (2011). < Note> Preliminary Observations of Hand-Clasp Grooming by Chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 18(2), 18-20.
 
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Patrick, R., Patrick, D., & Hunt, K. D. (2012). Long term changes at Toro-Semliki wildlife reserve. Long-Term Changes in Africa’s Rift Valley., 56-69.
 
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Payne, C. L. R., Webster, T. H., & Hunt, K. D. (2008). < Note> Coprophagy by the semi-habituated chimpanzees of Semliki, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 15(2), 29-32.
 
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Plumptre, A. J., Cox, D., & Mugume, S. (2003). The status of chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society
 
  
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Samson, D. R. (2012). The chimpanzee nest quantified: morphology and ecology of arboreal sleeping platforms within the dry habitat site of Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. Primates, 53, 357-364.
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Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., ... & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Communications biology, 4(1), 1-11.
  
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UWA. (2020). Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve General Management Plan 2020/21 – 2029/30. Kampala, Uganda
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Beda, A. A., N’dri, K. P., Zannou, M. G., & Tondossama, A. (2021). Etat de conservation du Parc national du Mont Sangbé : Résultats du suivi écologique, Phase 5. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 36p.
  
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Uganda Wildlife Authority (2019). "Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve". Kampala, Uganda. https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlifereserves/toro-semliki/. Retrieved on 5th November 2024.
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Beda, A. A. (2023). Rapport suivi écologique du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Suivi écologique phase 6, version du 19. 04.2023. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 63p.
  
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WCS. (2021). Human Livelihoods. https://programs.wcs.org/uganda/Initiatives/Human-Livelihoods.aspx. Retrieved on 20th November, 2024.
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Beda, A. A. (2020). Etat de conservation du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Rapport de suivi écologique Phase 4. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 45p.
  
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Webster, T. H., Hodson, P. R., & Hunt, K. D. (2009). < Note> Grooming Hand-Clasp by Chimpanzees of the Mugiri Community, Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 16(1), 5-7.
 
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Webster, T. H., McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., Payne, C. L., & Hunt, K. D. (2014). Selective insectivory at Toro-Semliki, Uganda: Comparative analyses suggest no ‘savanna’chimpanzee pattern. Journal of human evolution, 71, 20-27.
 
  
  
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'''Page created by: '''Heather Cohen & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04
  
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'''Page completed by: '''Steven Joel Basiibye basiibyestevens5@gmail.com''' Date:''' 2024-11-20 07:03:00
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'''Page updated by: '''Diorne Zausa''' Date:''' 2024-11-30

Latest revision as of 16:53, 19 December 2024

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Mont Sângbé National Park

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Mont Sângbé National Park.
  • A population of 15 individuals was estimated in 2016.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 975.54 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
  • Conservation activities implemented include biomonitoring.


Site characteristics

Mont Sângbé National Park is located in western Côte d’Ivoire, bordered by the Sassandra river to the east (BirdLife International 2022). The Bafing river, an affluent of the Sassandra, flows east across the southern part of the park. The park forms part of the eastern end of the highland chain that extends through Guinea and northern Liberia. The terrain is rugged, with many inselbergs and several peaks that reach over 700 m (BirdLife International 2022; Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The vegetation consists mainly of dense savanna woodland with some small patches of deciduous forest as islands in the savanna or as galleries along watercourses (BirdLife International 2022).

Table 1. Basic site information for Mont Sângbé National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 975.54 km²
Coordinates Lat: 8.013935 , Lon: -7.290896
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical moist forest, savanna, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Reconnaissance surveys were conducted at the site in 2015 and 2016. Surveys in the southern sector of the park could not be completed due to the difficulty of the terrain. No traces of chimpanzees were found in the southern sector, but there may have been chimpanzees in the areas that were difficult to access (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). North of the Bafing River appeared to be a group of about 15 individuals. Based on genetic analyses, 14 individuals were identified from over 200 faecal samples; the individuals were found to be extremely inbred (Lester et al. 2021).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2015-2016 15 Mont Sângbé National Park Reconnaissance walk Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022 A maximum of 13-14 fresh nests were reported at any daily site.
Pan troglodytes verus 2020 70 (40-123) 0.023 (0.013-0.042) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda, 2020
Pan troglodytes verus 2021 54 (30-98) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda et al. 2021
Pan troglodytes verus 2022 53 (35-115) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda, 2023

Threats

The national park is surrounded by savanna and farmland, making it a geographic island with low or no connectivity to other chimpanzee populations (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Although chimpanzees are not targeted by hunters, they are killed opportunistically. Many in the local population do not have a taboo against eating chimpanzee meat (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Widespread destruction of the landscape for cocoa plantations in particular, observed during a 2016 survey (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). 2016-Ongoing (2022)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching High (more than 70% of population affected) Cattle pasturing; herders enter the savanna/dry forest areas of the park. Grass is burnt annually, and this wildfire can penetrate quite deep into the wet forest (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Ongoing (2022)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium (30-70% of population affected) Chimpanzees are not targeted for hunting in the park, but have been killed there when the opportunity has presented itself (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The comparison of the recorded aggression indices during this phase with those from previous phases (2017 to 2021) suggests that poaching is the main threat to the PNMS. A comparison of the data from 2017 to 2022 shows a decline in aggression indices (Beda et al. 2023).


There is a notable disparity in the level of poaching between the rainy and dry seasons. Specifically, poaching is more intense during the dry season than in the rainy season, a trend that was corroborated by Chiapo in 2022.

2017-Ongoing (2022)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather 12.1 Other threat Present (unknown severity) Climate change will likely impact the site, e.g., impact of rivers drying up or diminishing sources of permanent rivers, as well as other effects due to temperature and rainfall changes (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Ongoing (2022)
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols In the Mont Sangbé National Park, ecological monitoring is conducted annually by the Western Zone Directorate with support from technical and financial partners. This monitoring focuses on a set of animal species identified as conservation targets and the factors influencing their distribution. The goal of the program for the 2020-2030 period, as outlined in the Park's Management and Development Plan, is to "Contribute to improving the management of the MSNP based on knowledge derived from the results of ecological monitoring and research." The program centers around assessing the conservation status of the SMNP based on the ecological monitoring findings and capitalizing on research outcomes (Beda et al. 2021). Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves 2017-Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.1 Lack of capacity/training Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support 4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme (PanAf).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Mont Sângbé National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sangbe Mountain National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/06/2022.

Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., ... & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Communications biology, 4(1), 1-11.

Beda, A. A., N’dri, K. P., Zannou, M. G., & Tondossama, A. (2021). Etat de conservation du Parc national du Mont Sangbé : Résultats du suivi écologique, Phase 5. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 36p.

Beda, A. A. (2023). Rapport suivi écologique du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Suivi écologique phase 6, version du 19. 04.2023. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 63p.

Beda, A. A. (2020). Etat de conservation du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Rapport de suivi écologique Phase 4. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 45p.


Page created by: Heather Cohen & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 2022-07-04

Page updated by: Diorne Zausa Date: 2024-11-30

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