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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Kyambura Wildlife Reserve]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Mont Sângbé National Park]]
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Kyambura_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Kyambura_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Kyambura_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Kyambura_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Kyambura_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Mont_Sângbé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-0.11037 , 30.18194~[[Kyambura Wildlife Reserve]]~Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|8.013935, -7.290896~[[Mont Sângbé National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
−
 
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Mont Sângbé National Park.
−
 
+
* A population of 15 individuals was estimated in 2016.
−
 
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
−
 
+
* The site has a total size of 975.54 km².
−
 
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
−
 
+
* Conservation activities implemented include biomonitoring.
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
  
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
−
Kyambura Wildlife Reserve (KWR) which includes the Kyambura gorge is located south of Lake George and east of Queen Elizabeth National Park  (QENP), where the Kazinga Channel leaves the lake, and flows towards Lake Albert (Zwick et al., 1997). Natural barriers formed by Kazinga Channel and Kyambura gorge make it possible to isolate KWR from QENP, however both park and reserve are jointly managed by Uganda Wildlife Authority as part of Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (UWA, 2012).
+
Mont Sângbé National Park is located in western Côte d’Ivoire, bordered by the Sassandra river to the east (BirdLife International 2022). The Bafing river, an affluent of the Sassandra, flows east across the southern part of the park. The park forms part of the eastern end of the highland chain that extends through Guinea and northern Liberia. The terrain is rugged, with many inselbergs and several peaks that reach over 700 m (BirdLife International 2022; Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The vegetation consists mainly of dense savanna woodland with some small patches of deciduous forest as islands in the savanna or as galleries along watercourses (BirdLife International 2022).
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
KWR was first gazette as a Controlled Hunting area in 1962 and then raised to of a Game Reserve in 1965 (UWA, 2023). It was used for licensed hunting and cropping however due to civil unrest between 1970s and 1980s, level of uncontrolled hunting increased sharply, which lead to the demise of many big game mammals (Zwick et al., 1997). After the Uganda Wildlife Statute of 1996 changed the name of all game reserves to wildlife reserves, the reserve became formally known as the Kyambura Wildlife Reserve and hunting concession was terminated in 1999 due to illegal hunting (UWA, 2012).  
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
KWR terrain is characterized by small hills, lying between an altitude of 700- 1,1 00m. It has about 7 volcanic craters with both saline and fresh water (Zwick et al., 1997). The Kyambura Gorge created due to faulting activities cuts into a gentle savannah landscape with Kyambura River flowing inside the gorge. The gorge covers a distance of 16kms with the highest steep side being 100 metres from the river floor and spanning a varying breadth of 50-150 meters. The vegetation is a riverine forest consisting mainly of Cynometra sp. and Ficus sp. (Kruger et al., 1998).  Forest grades into a swamp forest and papyrus swamp near the mouth of Kyambura river. The eastern border follows Buhindagi river from Lake George, south-east to Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve (Zwick et al., 1997), where it forms an important migratory link known as Kyambura Gorge-Kasyoha Kitomi corrido while the north is bordered by savannah grassland (UWA, 2012)
 
−
 
 
  
−
 
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
−
KWR has ecosystem similar to QENP, thus hosting almost similar fauna which include mammals such as hippopotamus, lions, leopard, elephant, buffalo, a variety of antelope and other small ungulates (uwa, 2023). A total of 332 bird species were reported by Zwick et al (1997).
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Kyambura Gorge is noted for its relatively high concentration of primates which include the chimpanzees hence famously referred to as the valley of apes by many tourists. The chimpanzees at the gorge are said to form one community of  less than 30 individuals (UWA, 2012), which is said to be isolated after corridors connecting it to larger forests like Kalinzu and Maramagambo were cleared, raising concerns of inbreeding and mutations.
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|157
+
|975.54 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|-0.11037 ,  30.18194
+
|Lat: 8.013935 , Lon: -7.290896
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Conservation area
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Grassland, "Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)"
+
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical moist forest, savanna, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
−
|Governance by government
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 61: Line 43:
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
 +
Reconnaissance surveys were conducted at the site in 2015 and 2016. Surveys in the southern sector of the park could not be completed due to the difficulty of the terrain. No traces of chimpanzees were found in the southern sector, but there may have been chimpanzees in the areas that were difficult to access (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). North of the Bafing River appeared to be a group of about 15 individuals. Based on genetic analyses, 14 individuals were identified from over 200 faecal samples; the individuals were found to be extremely inbred (Lester et al. 2021).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
!Species
 
!Species
Line 76: Line 58:
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2015-2016
 +
|15
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022
 +
|A maximum of 13-14 fresh nests were reported at any daily site.
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2020
 +
|70 (40-123)
 +
|0.023 (0.013-0.042)
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda, 2020
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2021
 +
|54 (30-98)
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda et al. 2021
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2022
 +
|53 (35-115)
 
|
 
|
−
|55.05 (30-70)
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mont Sângbé National Park
 +
|Line transects & recces
 +
|Beda, 2023
 
|
 
|
−
|Kyambura Wildlife Reserve
 
−
|Line transects
 
−
|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003)
 
−
|Survey classified site as a low density site hence density estimates were not possible. Only 50 nest building chimpanzees were estimated by study
 
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
Line 90: Line 105:
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
 +
The national park is surrounded by savanna and farmland, making it a geographic island with low or no connectivity to other chimpanzee populations (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Although chimpanzees are not targeted by hunters, they are killed opportunistically. Many in the local population do not have a taboo against eating chimpanzee meat (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 99: Line 114:
 
!Description
 
!Description
 
!Year of threat
 
!Year of threat
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|Intensive cultivation along the Kyambura River restricting favorable habitats for chimpanzees (WCS, 2008)
+
|Widespread destruction of the landscape for cocoa plantations in particular, observed during a 2016 survey (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
−
|1990- Ongoing
+
|2016-Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5 Biological resource use
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
−
|Present (unknown severity)
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|Logging and harvesting of wood has reduced abundance of fig trees which are critical to survival of primates in such savanna habitats (WSC, 2008)
+
|Cattle pasturing; herders enter the savanna/dry forest areas of the park. Grass is burnt annually, and this wildfire can penetrate quite deep into the wet forest (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
−
|2008- Ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species being assessed is not the target)
 
−
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
 
−
|Poaching for commercial and subsistence use, using firearms (including automatic weapons such as the AK47), wire snares, nets and various types of foot traps (UWA, 2012), High intensity registered between 1970s -1980 due to civil unrests  (Zwick et al., 1997). Risk of chimpanzees being ensnared or trapped by traps made for other animals.
 
−
|1970-Ongoing
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|
−
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+
|Unknown
−
|The growing road network and power line, cutting through the Kyambura gorge corridor and its escarpment banks that links Kyambura and Kasyoha-Kitomi, make deep intrusions into the underground riparian forest that is a home to chimpanzees.
+
|
−
|1997-ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4 Transportation & service corridors
+
|5 Biological resource use
−
|4.2 Utility & service lines
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|The hydropower projects was proposed for development in 2011 (UWA, 2012), constructed in 2017 and made operational in 2019
+
|Chimpanzees are not targeted for hunting in the park, but have been killed there when the opportunity has presented itself (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The comparison of the recorded aggression indices during this phase with those from previous phases (2017 to 2021) suggests that poaching is the main threat to the PNMS. A comparison of the data from 2017 to 2022 shows a decline in aggression indices (Beda et al. 2023).
−
|2017-ongoing
+
 
 +
 
 +
There is a notable disparity in the level of poaching between the rainy and dry seasons. Specifically, poaching is more intense during the dry season than in the rainy season, a trend that was corroborated by Chiapo in 2022.
 +
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
+
|
−
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+
|Unknown
−
|civil unrest between 1970s and early 1980s
+
|
−
|1970-1980
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
+
|
−
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+
|Unknown
−
|The fires are mostly started by poachers who use fires as a means of hunting. Other sources of fires include un extinguished cigarette butts and fires originating from community farmland or intentionally set by the community members (UWA, 2012)
+
|
−
|2012- 0ngoing
+
|
 +
|-
 +
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9 Pollution
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 +
|12.1 Other threat
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Climate change will likely impact the site, e.g., impact of rivers drying up or diminishing sources of permanent rivers, as well as other effects due to temperature and rainfall changes (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 148: Line 202:
  
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 157: Line 211:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
+
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
−
|Diversifying local livelihoods and improving smart crop husbandry under The Kyambura Gorge Eco-tourism Project
+
|In the Mont Sangbé National Park, ecological monitoring is conducted annually by the Western Zone Directorate with support from technical and financial partners. This monitoring focuses on a set of animal species identified as conservation targets and the factors influencing their distribution. The goal of the program for the 2020-2030 period, as outlined in the Park's Management and Development Plan, is to "Contribute to improving the management of the MSNP based on knowledge derived from the results of ecological monitoring and research." The program centers around assessing the conservation status of the SMNP based on the ecological monitoring findings and capitalizing on research outcomes (Beda et al. 2021).
−
|Volcanoes Safaris and Volcanoes Safaris Partnership, Jane Goodall Institute Uganda Trust,
+
|Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves
−
|2009-Ongoing
+
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
−
|-
 
−
|8 Permanent presence
 
−
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
−
|UWA establised the Kyambura base camp
 
−
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
 
−
|1997- Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location
 
−
|A group of subsistence farmers from around reserve an from southern Uganda annexed land in south-east of the reserve. These encroachers evicted in 1992
 
−
|Zwilling Safari AG Limited
 
−
|1970-1922
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.4 Create natural habitat patches (including corridors)
 
−
|Volcano Safaris in Kyambura, are buying off communities in the corridor that links Kyambura Gorge to Kasyoha Kitomi Forest Reserve
 
−
|Volcano Safaris, Uganda Wildlife Authority
 
−
|2012-Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
 
−
|Restoration this ecosystem by planting over 6000 trees as a way of recovering the vegetation, in corridors such as  Kyambura Gorge-Kasyoha Kitomi corrido
 
−
|Volcano Safaris, Uganda Wildlife Authority
 
−
|2012-Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|4 Education & awareness
 
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
−
|Expanding community outreach programs through the Jane Goodall Institute Roots & Shoots program and the Volcanoes Safaris Partnership Community Centre, teaching them of the benefits of tourism and the natural value of the wildlife diversity in the area.
 
−
|Volcanoes Safaris and Volcanoes Safaris Partnership, Jane Goodall Institute Uganda Trust,
 
−
|2021-Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat
 
−
|South-east part of the reserve is protected as a wilderness zone, receiving minimal disturbance
 
−
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
 
−
|2012-Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
−
|Area gazetted as a wildlife reserve in 1966
 
−
 
 
−
Area is considered as an Important Bird Area (IBA) (UWA, 2012: Zwick et al., 1997)
 
−
|BirdLife International
 
−
|1997-Ongoing
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 212: Line 222:
  
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
Line 220: Line 230:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|2.2 Lack of staff
+
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|2011-Ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|2.7 Lack of infrastructure
+
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|2011-Ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5 Ecological context
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain)
+
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|2012-Ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 239: Line 249:
  
  
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
!Enablers
 
!Enablers
Line 246: Line 256:
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Resources and capacity
+
|1 Site management
−
|2.1 Sufficient staff
+
|
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|
−
|2011-Ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions
 
|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|Beda, 2023
−
|Near future
+
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
 +
|Beda, 2023
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Resources and capacity
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
+
|
−
|(UWA,2012)
+
|
−
|2012-Ongoing
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
  
−
The prevalence and diagnostics of Entodiniomorphid Ciliate Troglocorys cava in populations of wild chimpanzees (Pomajbíková et al., 2011)
+
The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]).
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Prevalence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Chimpanzees (Rudicell et al., 2011)
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
influence of chimpanzees on guereza group size and composition (Kruger et al., 1998)
 
  
 
= Documented behaviours =
 
= Documented behaviours =
Line 278: Line 295:
  
  
−
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kyambura Wildlife Reserve'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Mont Sângbé National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
!Behavior
 
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
Line 301: Line 318:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Katswera, J., Mutekanga, N. M., & Twesigye, C. K. (2022). Wildlife Corridors and Regional Biodiversity Conservation around Selected Wildlife Protected Areas in Uganda.
+
BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sangbe Mountain National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/06/2022.
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Krüger, O., Affeldt, E., Brackmann, M., & Milhahn, K. (1998). Group size and composition of Colobus guereza in Kyambura Gorge, southwest Uganda, in relation to chimpanzee activity. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 287-297.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., ... & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Communications biology, 4(1), 1-11.
  
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Beda, A. A. (2023). Rapport suivi écologique du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Suivi écologique phase 6, version du 19. 04.2023. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 63p.
  
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'''Page created by: '''Heather Cohen & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04
  
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'''Page created by: '''Steven Joel Basiibye basiibyestevens5@gmail.com''' Date:''' 2024-11-20
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'''Page updated by: '''Diorne Zausa''' Date:''' 2024-11-30

Latest revision as of 16:53, 19 December 2024

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Mont Sângbé National Park

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Mont Sângbé National Park.
  • A population of 15 individuals was estimated in 2016.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 975.54 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
  • Conservation activities implemented include biomonitoring.


Site characteristics

Mont Sângbé National Park is located in western Côte d’Ivoire, bordered by the Sassandra river to the east (BirdLife International 2022). The Bafing river, an affluent of the Sassandra, flows east across the southern part of the park. The park forms part of the eastern end of the highland chain that extends through Guinea and northern Liberia. The terrain is rugged, with many inselbergs and several peaks that reach over 700 m (BirdLife International 2022; Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The vegetation consists mainly of dense savanna woodland with some small patches of deciduous forest as islands in the savanna or as galleries along watercourses (BirdLife International 2022).

Table 1. Basic site information for Mont Sângbé National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 975.54 km²
Coordinates Lat: 8.013935 , Lon: -7.290896
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical moist forest, savanna, rocky areas (e.g., inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Reconnaissance surveys were conducted at the site in 2015 and 2016. Surveys in the southern sector of the park could not be completed due to the difficulty of the terrain. No traces of chimpanzees were found in the southern sector, but there may have been chimpanzees in the areas that were difficult to access (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). North of the Bafing River appeared to be a group of about 15 individuals. Based on genetic analyses, 14 individuals were identified from over 200 faecal samples; the individuals were found to be extremely inbred (Lester et al. 2021).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2015-2016 15 Mont Sângbé National Park Reconnaissance walk Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022 A maximum of 13-14 fresh nests were reported at any daily site.
Pan troglodytes verus 2020 70 (40-123) 0.023 (0.013-0.042) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda, 2020
Pan troglodytes verus 2021 54 (30-98) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda et al. 2021
Pan troglodytes verus 2022 53 (35-115) Mont Sângbé National Park Line transects & recces Beda, 2023

Threats

The national park is surrounded by savanna and farmland, making it a geographic island with low or no connectivity to other chimpanzee populations (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Although chimpanzees are not targeted by hunters, they are killed opportunistically. Many in the local population do not have a taboo against eating chimpanzee meat (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Widespread destruction of the landscape for cocoa plantations in particular, observed during a 2016 survey (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). 2016-Ongoing (2022)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching High (more than 70% of population affected) Cattle pasturing; herders enter the savanna/dry forest areas of the park. Grass is burnt annually, and this wildfire can penetrate quite deep into the wet forest (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Ongoing (2022)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium (30-70% of population affected) Chimpanzees are not targeted for hunting in the park, but have been killed there when the opportunity has presented itself (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The comparison of the recorded aggression indices during this phase with those from previous phases (2017 to 2021) suggests that poaching is the main threat to the PNMS. A comparison of the data from 2017 to 2022 shows a decline in aggression indices (Beda et al. 2023).


There is a notable disparity in the level of poaching between the rainy and dry seasons. Specifically, poaching is more intense during the dry season than in the rainy season, a trend that was corroborated by Chiapo in 2022.

2017-Ongoing (2022)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather 12.1 Other threat Present (unknown severity) Climate change will likely impact the site, e.g., impact of rivers drying up or diminishing sources of permanent rivers, as well as other effects due to temperature and rainfall changes (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Ongoing (2022)
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols In the Mont Sangbé National Park, ecological monitoring is conducted annually by the Western Zone Directorate with support from technical and financial partners. This monitoring focuses on a set of animal species identified as conservation targets and the factors influencing their distribution. The goal of the program for the 2020-2030 period, as outlined in the Park's Management and Development Plan, is to "Contribute to improving the management of the MSNP based on knowledge derived from the results of ecological monitoring and research." The program centers around assessing the conservation status of the SMNP based on the ecological monitoring findings and capitalizing on research outcomes (Beda et al. 2021). Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves 2017-Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.1 Lack of capacity/training Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Mont Sângbé National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support 4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement Beda, 2023 Ongoing (2022)
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme (PanAf).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Mont Sângbé National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sangbe Mountain National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/06/2022.

Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., ... & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Communications biology, 4(1), 1-11.

Beda, A. A., N’dri, K. P., Zannou, M. G., & Tondossama, A. (2021). Etat de conservation du Parc national du Mont Sangbé : Résultats du suivi écologique, Phase 5. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 36p.

Beda, A. A. (2023). Rapport suivi écologique du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Suivi écologique phase 6, version du 19. 04.2023. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 63p.

Beda, A. A. (2020). Etat de conservation du Parc National du Mont Sangbé 2022: Rapport de suivi écologique Phase 4. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Ouest. Man, Côte d’Ivoire. 45p.


Page created by: Heather Cohen & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 2022-07-04

Page updated by: Diorne Zausa Date: 2024-11-30

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