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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
+
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]]
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.392031, 110.299506~[[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]~Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|8.14, -9.53~[[Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
−
* Northwest Bornean orangutans  (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area.
−
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
+
* The population size is unknown.
−
* The orangutan population trend is stable.
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
−
* The site has a total size of 6.53 km².
+
* This site has a total size of 1,374 km².
−
* Key threats to orangutans are habitat encroachment and hunting.
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, logging, and shifting agriculture.
−
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
+
* Wonegizi was selected for a REDD+ pilot project led by Flora & Fauna International.
−
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
 
  
  
−
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan2_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: road_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | Road to visitor center ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
 
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
−
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
+
The [https://www.protectedplanet.net/wonegizi-nature-reserve-nature-reserve site] is located in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Guinea’s [http://panafwiki-n.eva.mpg.de/index.php/Ziama_Biosphere_Reserve Ziama Biosphere reserve]. Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area is part of the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem, which is very rich in biodiversity. In addition to the critically endangered western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), the site contains other threatened and vulnerable species, including Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), green-tailed bristlebill (''Bleda eximius''), yellow-bearded greenbul (''Criniger olivaceus''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae''), and the white-necked rockfowl or picathartes (''Picathartes gymnocephalus'', [https://allafrica.com/stories/201902080620.html AllAfrica 2019], [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=2ahUKEwiAgf-e3ZPjAhVLiqQKHaLaDS8QFjACegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fseors.unfccc.int%2Fapplications%2Fseors%2Fattachments%2Fget_attachment%3Fcode%3DZPE8DUPKTS4EQPMG9QYWMFA5CC880CTA&usg=AOvVaw1XqL9CUmu39-lMQ3yGdCSl FFI]). The site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/wonegizi-mountains-iba-liberia IBA; BirdLife International 2019]).
  
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|6.53 km²
+
|1374.27 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|Lat: 1.392031 , Lon:  110.299506
+
|Lat: 8.14 , Lon:  -9.53
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Protected area (Nature Reserve)
+
|Proposed protected area
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 43: Line 41:
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
−
[[File: Orangutan_eating_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
 +
[https://www.iucn.org/content/how-single-pygmy-hippo-photo-gave-rise-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area-project Camera traps] have recorded the presence of chimpanzees at the site, but the population size remains unknown (IUCN 2015).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
!Species
 
!Species
Line 61: Line 58:
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−
|2016
+
|2015
−
|27
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
+
|Present
−
|Full count
+
|Wonegizi
−
|Tisen & Silang 2016
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|IUCN 2015
 +
|Camera traps
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|2020
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Camera trap
 +
|Fauna & Flora
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|2023
 
|2023
−
|29
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
 
−
|Full count
 
−
|Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Community monitoring patrols suggest encounter rate of nests is stable 2021-2023.
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
 +
In addition to poaching and logging, the site is threatened by farming activities, in particular shifting cultivation (FFI 2016). Rice is the main crop and primary driver of land conversion in the area; other crops include chilli peppers and cacao (FFI 2016).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 99: Line 106:
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|1.1 Residential areas
−
|High
+
|Low
−
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
+
|Human settlements present (AllAfrica 2019)
−
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|Unknown
+
|High
−
|
+
|Unsustainable farming practices (primarily shifting agriculture) (FFI 2016)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 117: Line 124:
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 123: Line 130:
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|Present
−
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
+
|Bushmeat hunting and trade present in the area (FFI 2016)
−
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|Ongoing (2016)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|Present
 +
|Extraction of timber (FFI 2016)
 +
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 135: Line 148:
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|8.4 Pathogens
+
|
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|Unknown
−
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9 Pollution
 
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 168: Line 181:
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
 +
|Low
 +
|Community patrol encounter rates of snares (0.12 per km), spent cartridges (0.27 per km) and hunting camps (0.005 per km) on are stable between 2021 and 2023. Chimps are not specifically targeted.
 +
|2021-2023
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
 +
|Medium
 +
|6 km2 (1.6% total area of the PPA) of forest lost between 2000-2023, most after 2013.
 +
|2000-2023
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
−
 
 
= Conservation activities =
 
= Conservation activities =
  
−
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
+
Wonegizi is a [https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/piloting-implementation-redd-programme-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area REDD+ pilot site]. The project follows a community-based approach, in which forest protection is rewarded under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation mechanism (REDD+). Income from the sale of REDD+ carbon credits is used to fund activities that benefit the communities, including the provision of technical support for reducing deforestation due to agriculture whilst increasing agricultural output, establishment of tree nurseries, and salaried forest protection as an alternative income (FFI 2016).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 183: Line 207:
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
 +
|The site was selected for a REDD+ program (FFI 2016)
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
−
|Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
 +
|
 +
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3 Species health
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|3.3 Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated apes
+
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
−
|Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3 Species health
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|3.10 Treat sick/injured apes
+
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
−
|In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Education & awareness
 
|4 Education & awareness
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
+
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
−
|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Fauna & Flora
 
|Ongoing
 
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Protection & restoration
 
|5 Protection & restoration
 
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|The site is a nature reserve.
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6 Species management
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
+
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
−
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|1975-2000
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6 Species management
+
|7 Economic & other incentives
−
|6.4 Provide supplementary food for apes
+
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
−
|Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8 Permanent presence
 
|8 Permanent presence
−
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
+
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
−
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Fauna & Flora
 +
|Ongoing
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
−
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Main_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | View to feeding platforms ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Tourists_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: visitor_center_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
 
 
= Challenges =
 
= Challenges =
  
−
Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
 
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
Line 246: Line 281:
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4 Institutional support
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
+
|2.3 General lack of funding
−
|(Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
|FFI 2016
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[File: feeding_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
 
= Enablers =
 
= Enablers =
  
  
  
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 
!Enablers
 
!Enablers
Line 294: Line 333:
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
 
= Research activities =
 
= Research activities =
  
−
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
+
No information on research activities has been documented.
−
 
 
  
 
= Documented behaviours =
 
= Documented behaviours =
Line 305: Line 342:
  
  
−
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
!Behavior
 
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
Line 319: Line 358:
  
  
 +
= External links =
  
  
−
= External links =
 
−
 
−
[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
 
  
 
= Relevant datasets =
 
= Relevant datasets =
Line 331: Line 368:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/
+
AllAfrica. 2019. Liberia: The Potentials of Wonegizi As a Protected Area. Online: https://allafrica.com/stories/201902080620.html
−
 
 
−
Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.
 
  
−
Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
+
FFI. 2016. Community-based Conservation: the Wonegizi REDD+ pilot.
  
−
Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
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BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wonegizi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 01/07/2019.
  
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Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/
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IUCN. 2015. How a single Pygmy Hippo photo gave rise to the Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area Project. Online: https://www.iucn.org/content/how-single-pygmy-hippo-photo-gave-rise-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area-project
  
  
  
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'''Page created by: '''Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA
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'''Page created by: '''Andrew Bamford andrew.bamford@fauna-flora.org''' Date:''' 2024-09-05

Latest revision as of 04:39, 22 January 2025

West Africa > Liberia > Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 1,374 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, logging, and shifting agriculture.
  • Wonegizi was selected for a REDD+ pilot project led by Flora & Fauna International.


Site characteristics

The site is located in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Guinea’s Ziama Biosphere reserve. Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area is part of the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem, which is very rich in biodiversity. In addition to the critically endangered western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), the site contains other threatened and vulnerable species, including Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), green-tailed bristlebill (Bleda eximius), yellow-bearded greenbul (Criniger olivaceus), Nimba flycatcher (Melaenornis annamarulae), and the white-necked rockfowl or picathartes (Picathartes gymnocephalus, AllAfrica 2019, FFI). The site is also an Important Bird Area (IBA; BirdLife International 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 1374.27 km²
Coordinates Lat: 8.14 , Lon: -9.53
Type of site Proposed protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Camera traps have recorded the presence of chimpanzees at the site, but the population size remains unknown (IUCN 2015).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 Present Wonegizi Reconnaissance walk IUCN 2015 Camera traps
Pan troglodytes verus 2020 Camera trap Fauna & Flora
Pan troglodytes verus 2023 Reconnaissance walk Fauna & Flora Community monitoring patrols suggest encounter rate of nests is stable 2021-2023.

Threats

In addition to poaching and logging, the site is threatened by farming activities, in particular shifting cultivation (FFI 2016). Rice is the main crop and primary driver of land conversion in the area; other crops include chilli peppers and cacao (FFI 2016).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Low Human settlements present (AllAfrica 2019) Ongoing (2019)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Unsustainable farming practices (primarily shifting agriculture) (FFI 2016) Ongoing (2016)
3 Energy production & mining Not reported
4 Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present Bushmeat hunting and trade present in the area (FFI 2016) Ongoing (2016)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present Extraction of timber (FFI 2016) Ongoing (2016)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7 Natural system modifications Absent
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Absent
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent
5 Biological resource use 5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting Low Community patrol encounter rates of snares (0.12 per km), spent cartridges (0.27 per km) and hunting camps (0.005 per km) on are stable between 2021 and 2023. Chimps are not specifically targeted. 2021-2023
5 Biological resource use 5.3.1 Subsistence logging Medium 6 km2 (1.6% total area of the PPA) of forest lost between 2000-2023, most after 2013. 2000-2023

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Wonegizi is a REDD+ pilot site. The project follows a community-based approach, in which forest protection is rewarded under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation mechanism (REDD+). Income from the sale of REDD+ carbon credits is used to fund activities that benefit the communities, including the provision of technical support for reducing deforestation due to agriculture whilst increasing agricultural output, establishment of tree nurseries, and salaried forest protection as an alternative income (FFI 2016).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) The site was selected for a REDD+ program (FFI 2016) Ongoing
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Fauna & Flora Ongoing
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols Fauna & Flora Ongoing
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares Fauna & Flora Ongoing
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms Fauna & Flora Ongoing
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management Fauna & Flora Ongoing
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Fauna & Flora Ongoing
5 Protection & restoration 5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas Fauna & Flora Ongoing
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) Fauna & Flora Ongoing
8 Permanent presence 8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager Fauna & Flora Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.3 General lack of funding FFI 2016
Unknown

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

Behavior Source
Not reported
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

AllAfrica. 2019. Liberia: The Potentials of Wonegizi As a Protected Area. Online: https://allafrica.com/stories/201902080620.html

FFI. 2016. Community-based Conservation: the Wonegizi REDD+ pilot.

BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wonegizi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 01/07/2019.

IUCN. 2015. How a single Pygmy Hippo photo gave rise to the Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area Project. Online: https://www.iucn.org/content/how-single-pygmy-hippo-photo-gave-rise-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area-project


Page created by: Andrew Bamford andrew.bamford@fauna-flora.org Date: 2024-09-05

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