Difference between revisions of "Bailly swamps"

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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
 +
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|1.951998, 16.866552~[[Bailly swamps]]~Central chimpanzees & Western lowland gorillas
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}}
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</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bailly swamps.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bailly swamps.
 
* It has been estimated that 4,988 (95% CI 2,466-10,086) gorillas and 2,127 (95% CI 1,134-3,989) chimpanzees occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 4,988 (95% CI 2,466-10,086) gorillas and 2,127 (95% CI 1,134-3,989) chimpanzees occur in the site.
 
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
 
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
−
* Key threats are not reported.
+
* Main threats include poaching.
−
* Conservation activities are not reported.
+
* The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
 
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|
+
| 3770 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|
+
|1.951998, 16.866552
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Designation
 
|Designation
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present (severity unknown)
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Poaching present in the area (Stokes et al. 2010).
−
|
+
|2010-Ongoing
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 +
 +
The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve (Stokes et al. 2010).
  
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bailly swamps'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bailly swamps'''
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010294 Monitoring Great Ape and Elephant Abundance at Large Spatial Scales: Measuring Effectiveness of a Conservation Landscape]
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 
 +
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bailly swamps'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
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|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|25
 +
|26.2
 +
|26
 +
|26.5
 +
|27.5
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1549
 +
|1607
 +
|1601
 +
|1621
 +
|1598
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|16
 +
|10.6
 +
|11.3
 +
|9.8
 +
|12.3
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|6.9
 +
|10.8
 +
|10.8
 +
|10.9
 +
|11.9
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bailly swamps'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|12.5
 +
|0
 +
|10
 +
|0
 +
|7
 +
|0
 +
|26
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|16.67
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|7
 +
|58.06
 +
|6.5
 +
|51.11
 +
|8
 +
|66.67
 +
|13
 +
|80.56
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|0.75
 +
|0.16
 +
|2
 +
|0.37
 +
|2
 +
|1.12
 +
|1.25
 +
|0.9
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.47
 +
|30
 +
|0.51
 +
|29
 +
|0.46
 +
|29
 +
|0.42
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
<div><ul>
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bailly Swamps.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bailly Swamps]] </li>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bailly Swamps.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bailly Swamps]] </li>
 +
</ul></div>
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
Stokes EJ, Strindberg S, Bakabana PC, Elkan PW, Iyenguet FC, Madzoké B... & Rainey, H.J. (2010). Monitoring great ape and elephant abundance at large spatial scales: measuring effectiveness of a conservation landscape. PLoS ONE 5(4), e10294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010294
 
Stokes EJ, Strindberg S, Bakabana PC, Elkan PW, Iyenguet FC, Madzoké B... & Rainey, H.J. (2010). Monitoring great ape and elephant abundance at large spatial scales: measuring effectiveness of a conservation landscape. PLoS ONE 5(4), e10294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010294
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 06/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 06/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 07:41, 5 March 2024

Central Africa > Republic of the Congo > Bailly swamps

Summary

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  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Bailly swamps.
  • It has been estimated that 4,988 (95% CI 2,466-10,086) gorillas and 2,127 (95% CI 1,134-3,989) chimpanzees occur in the site.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • Main threats include poaching.
  • The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve.

Site characteristics

Table 1. Basic site information for Bailly swamps

Area 3770 km²
Coordinates 1.951998, 16.866552
Designation Unclassified
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bailly swamps

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2006 4,988 (2,466-10,086) Bailly swamps Line transects (Distance) Stokes et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2006 2,127 (1,134-3,989) Bailly swamps Line transects (Distance) Stokes et al. 2010

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bailly swamps

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (severity unknown) Poaching present in the area (Stokes et al. 2010). 2010-Ongoing
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve (Stokes et al. 2010).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bailly swamps

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bailly swamps

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bailly swamps

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bailly swamps

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 25 26.2 26 26.5 27.5
Annual precipitation [mm] 1549 1607 1601 1621 1598
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 16 10.6 11.3 9.8 12.3
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.9 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.9


Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bailly swamps

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 12.5 0 10 0 7 0 26 0
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 16.67
Heatwave 7 58.06 6.5 51.11 8 66.67 13 80.56
River flood 0.75 0.16 2 0.37 2 1.12 1.25 0.9
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.47 30 0.51 29 0.46 29 0.42
  • Precipitation anomaly in Bailly Swamps
  • Temperature anomaly in Bailly Swamps

References

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Stokes EJ, Strindberg S, Bakabana PC, Elkan PW, Iyenguet FC, Madzoké B... & Rainey, H.J. (2010). Monitoring great ape and elephant abundance at large spatial scales: measuring effectiveness of a conservation landscape. PLoS ONE 5(4), e10294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010294


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 06/12/2020

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