Difference between revisions of "Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|4.669490, 9.382303~[[Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve]]~Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee
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}}
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</div>
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* Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve.
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* The population size is unknown.
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 8.5 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, encroachment due to agricultural expansion, and uncontrolled harvesting of terrestrial plants.
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* Conservation activities are not documented.
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* The site is designated as a Ramsar site and features Lake Barombi, well-known for its high density of endemic species.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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The Lake Barombi Forest Reserve is located in eastern Cameroon and covers an area of over 850 ha. The site is named after an oval lake 2.5 km in diameter and 110 m deep, lying in a crater with a slope of 150 m at its highest point, and surrounded by tropical forest (Eno Nku 2004). The lake is famous among biologists for the occurrence of 12 endemic fish species, making it one of the places with the highest densities of endemic species per area in the world (Ramsar 2006). The site is also important due to the presence of freshwater sponges, one of which (''Corvospongilla thysi'') is also endemic. The lake is an important sacred site to the Barombi Mbo People and also used for fishing, transport, and farming of the surrounding land (Ramsar 2006). It is also a source of clean water for the metropolis of Kumba and its surrounding (Ramsar 2006). The site was designated as a [https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 Ramsar] site in 2006.
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|8.5 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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|4.669490 N, 9.382303 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|Forest Reserve
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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 +
Vocalisation documented during a recce survey (Eno Nku 2004).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
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! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
 +
! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
 +
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
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|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
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|2004
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|
 +
|
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|Present
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|Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|Eno Nku (2004)
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|survey effort 4.5 km
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|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 +
 +
The competition for farmland in the area that began in 1989 led to the extensive conversion of forest into farmland (Eno Nku 2004). A stripe of forest still exists along the lakeshore to shield the farms, but behind is extended plantations. Other threats include timber extraction, hunting, farming, fuel wood collection, overfishing, use of pesticides, and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004).
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|High
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|
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|Habitat encroachment due to agricultural expansion (Eno Nku 2004).
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|Ongoing (2004)
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High
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|
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|Unsustainable hunting (Eno Nku 2004).
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|Ongoing (2004)
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|-
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|
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
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|High
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|
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|Uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004).
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|Ongoing (2004)
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|High
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|
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|Timber extraction and fuelwood collection (Eno Nku 2004).
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|Ongoing (2004)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|Pesticide spraying of cocoa-trees (Ramsar 2006).
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|Ongoing (2006)
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source
 +
|-
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2011-123-En.pdf IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)]
 +
 +
 +
= References =
 +
Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal reconnaissance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF. <br>
 +
Ramsar (2006). Barombi Mbo Crater Lake. Online: https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 <br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 28/02/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 05:52, 28 February 2022

Central Africa > Cameroon > Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Summary[edit]

Loading map...
  • Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 8.5 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, encroachment due to agricultural expansion, and uncontrolled harvesting of terrestrial plants.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site is designated as a Ramsar site and features Lake Barombi, well-known for its high density of endemic species.

Site characteristics[edit]

The Lake Barombi Forest Reserve is located in eastern Cameroon and covers an area of over 850 ha. The site is named after an oval lake 2.5 km in diameter and 110 m deep, lying in a crater with a slope of 150 m at its highest point, and surrounded by tropical forest (Eno Nku 2004). The lake is famous among biologists for the occurrence of 12 endemic fish species, making it one of the places with the highest densities of endemic species per area in the world (Ramsar 2006). The site is also important due to the presence of freshwater sponges, one of which (Corvospongilla thysi) is also endemic. The lake is an important sacred site to the Barombi Mbo People and also used for fishing, transport, and farming of the surrounding land (Ramsar 2006). It is also a source of clean water for the metropolis of Kumba and its surrounding (Ramsar 2006). The site was designated as a Ramsar site in 2006.

Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Area 8.5 km²
Coordinates 4.669490 N, 9.382303 E
Designation Forest Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

Vocalisation documented during a recce survey (Eno Nku 2004).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2004 Present Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve Index survey (reconnaissance walk) Eno Nku (2004) survey effort 4.5 km

Threats[edit]

The competition for farmland in the area that began in 1989 led to the extensive conversion of forest into farmland (Eno Nku 2004). A stripe of forest still exists along the lakeshore to shield the farms, but behind is extended plantations. Other threats include timber extraction, hunting, farming, fuel wood collection, overfishing, use of pesticides, and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Habitat encroachment due to agricultural expansion (Eno Nku 2004). Ongoing (2004)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Unsustainable hunting (Eno Nku 2004). Ongoing (2004)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High Uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). Ongoing (2004)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Timber extraction and fuelwood collection (Eno Nku 2004). Ongoing (2004)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents Present, but threat severity unknown Pesticide spraying of cocoa-trees (Ramsar 2006). Ongoing (2006)
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

Table 4. Conservation activities in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities[edit]

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links[edit]

IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)


References[edit]

Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal reconnaissance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF.
Ramsar (2006). Barombi Mbo Crater Lake. Online: https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 28/02/2022

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