Difference between revisions of "Minkébé National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Minkébé National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Minkébé National Park.
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* The population sizes are unknown.
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* The population trends are unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 7,535 km².
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* Key threats to great apes are hunting, mining, logging, and diseases (Ebola Virus Disease).
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* Conservation activities are not documented.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Minkébé National Park is situated in northeast Gabon, bordering Cameroon to the north and Republic of Congo to the east. The forest in Minkébé is extremely rich in bird biodiversity, and has been designated an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Minkébé is the name of an ancient village and colonial post that was built on a ridge and abandoned in the 1930s (BirdLife International 2020). The site forms part of the Tri-National Dja-Odzala-Minkébé (TRIDOM) transboundary conservation landscape, spread across Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of Congo ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/tridom___tri_national_dja_odzala_minkebe/ WWF]).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|7,535 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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|1.813136 N, 12.569964 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical dry forest, permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
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! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
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! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2012
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|
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|
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|0.3 (1.2-12)
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|Minkébé National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|ANPN 2013
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|
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|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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Poaching is a major threat, not just to great apes- between 2004 and 2014, more than 25,000 forest elephants were killed for their ivory in Minkébé, representing a 78-81% population decline (Poulsen et al. 2017). Gold mining has also been a major threat. In 2011, the Gabonese National Parks Agency (Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / ANPN) and the Gabonese military expelled over 6,000 gold miners; illegal mining camps had grown exponentially as a result of soaring gold prices over the previous 2-3 years. Severe elephant poaching and other illegal activities were linked to these camps (ANPN 2013).
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|3.2 Mining & quarrying
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|High
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|In 2011, about 6,000 gold miners were removed from the park (WCS-WWF 2013).
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|Gold extraction and presence of several illegal gold camps, in the park and in its buffer zone (BirdLife International 2020; ANPN 2013).
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|Ongoing (2020)
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|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High
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|
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|Commercial hunting for local bushmeat trade (BirdLife International 2020). Hunting camps and huntings signs (gun shots, trails, elephant carcasses) present at the park during a 2012 survey (ANPN 2013).
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|Ongoing (2020)
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Logging (BirdLife International 2020).
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|Ongoing (2020)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
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|High
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|
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|Extremely low densities of gorillas and chimpanzees were found between 1998-2000, compared to data collected before 1994. The decline resulted from Ebola outbreaks in 1994 and 1996 in the area (Huijbregts et al. 2003; Walsh et al. 2003).
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|11. Habitat Protection
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|12. Species Management
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
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|-
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|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Minkébé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|-
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|}
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=External links=
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===Relevant datasets===
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
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= References =
 +
BirdLife International. (2020) .Important Bird Areas factsheet: Minkébé Forest Reserve. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/11/2020. <br>
 +
Huijbregts, B., De Wachter, P., Obiang, L., & Akou, M. (2003). Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon. Oryx, 37(4), 437-443. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000802 <br>
 +
Walsh, P., Abernethy, K., Bermejo, M. et al. (2003). Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 422, 611–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01566 <br>
 +
ANPN. (2013). Wildlife surveying in Minkebe National Park, 2012 – WCS-WWF collaboration. Online: https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Preliminary_Results_of_Minkebe_Pilot_Study_070213.pdf <br>
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Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., Akou, M. E., Fay, M., Meier, A., Okouyi, J., Rosin, C., & White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. Current Biology, 27(4), R134-R135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023 <br>
 +
 +
<br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 11:30, 29 December 2020

Central Africa > Gabon > Minkébé National Park

Summary

  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Minkébé National Park.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 7,535 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are hunting, mining, logging, and diseases (Ebola Virus Disease).
  • Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Minkébé National Park is situated in northeast Gabon, bordering Cameroon to the north and Republic of Congo to the east. The forest in Minkébé is extremely rich in bird biodiversity, and has been designated an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Minkébé is the name of an ancient village and colonial post that was built on a ridge and abandoned in the 1930s (BirdLife International 2020). The site forms part of the Tri-National Dja-Odzala-Minkébé (TRIDOM) transboundary conservation landscape, spread across Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of Congo (WWF).

Table 1. Basic site information for Minkébé National Park

Area 7,535 km²
Coordinates 1.813136 N, 12.569964 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical dry forest, permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls)

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Minkébé National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla & Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2012 0.3 (1.2-12) Minkébé National Park Line transects (Distance) ANPN 2013

Threats

Poaching is a major threat, not just to great apes- between 2004 and 2014, more than 25,000 forest elephants were killed for their ivory in Minkébé, representing a 78-81% population decline (Poulsen et al. 2017). Gold mining has also been a major threat. In 2011, the Gabonese National Parks Agency (Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / ANPN) and the Gabonese military expelled over 6,000 gold miners; illegal mining camps had grown exponentially as a result of soaring gold prices over the previous 2-3 years. Severe elephant poaching and other illegal activities were linked to these camps (ANPN 2013).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Minkébé National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High In 2011, about 6,000 gold miners were removed from the park (WCS-WWF 2013). Gold extraction and presence of several illegal gold camps, in the park and in its buffer zone (BirdLife International 2020; ANPN 2013). Ongoing (2020)
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Commercial hunting for local bushmeat trade (BirdLife International 2020). Hunting camps and huntings signs (gun shots, trails, elephant carcasses) present at the park during a 2012 survey (ANPN 2013). Ongoing (2020)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity is unknown Logging (BirdLife International 2020). Ongoing (2020)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases High Extremely low densities of gorillas and chimpanzees were found between 1998-2000, compared to data collected before 1994. The decline resulted from Ebola outbreaks in 1994 and 1996 in the area (Huijbregts et al. 2003; Walsh et al. 2003). Ongoing
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Minkébé National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Minkébé National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Minkébé National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International. (2020) .Important Bird Areas factsheet: Minkébé Forest Reserve. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/11/2020.
Huijbregts, B., De Wachter, P., Obiang, L., & Akou, M. (2003). Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon. Oryx, 37(4), 437-443. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000802
Walsh, P., Abernethy, K., Bermejo, M. et al. (2003). Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 422, 611–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01566
ANPN. (2013). Wildlife surveying in Minkebe National Park, 2012 – WCS-WWF collaboration. Online: https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Preliminary_Results_of_Minkebe_Pilot_Study_070213.pdf
Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., Akou, M. E., Fay, M., Meier, A., Okouyi, J., Rosin, C., & White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. Current Biology, 27(4), R134-R135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:29/12/2020

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