Difference between revisions of "Greater Mahale Ecosystem"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Tanzania]] > [[Greater Mahale Ecosystem]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem.
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* It has been estimated that 2,600 individuals occur in the site.
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* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
 +
* The site has a total size of 20,000 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees include human settlements in important habitat, logging and charcoal production, fires, expansion of agriculture and herding, and poaching.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and presence of researchers, and providing fuel-efficient ovens.
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* The site holds approximately 90% of the chimpanzee population in Tanzania.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Located in western Tanzania, the Greater Mahale Ecosystem includes the Mahale Mountains National Park and its surrounding natural habitat. In addition to the eastern chimpanzee, other species of conservation concern that occur in the area include red colobus monkeys, elephants, lions, sables, and the endemic bird Kungwe apalis ([https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx WCS]). A total of 1,939 mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and plant species have been recorded at the site, of which 15 species are endemic to the Albertine Rift and 28 species are threatened (CR, EN, VU) under the IUCN Red List ([https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx WCS]).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|20,000 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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|
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|-
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|Designation
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|Unclassified
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical high altitude grassland
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The WCS Albertine Rift Program conducted surveys of the Greater Mahale Ecosystem in the mid 2000s with Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), to estimate chimpanzee numbers for the area and assess other biodiversity [https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx WCS]).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
 +
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
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! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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|-
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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|2005
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|2,600
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|
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|
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|Greater Mahale Ecosystem
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|Extrapolation of suitable habitat based on satellite imagery and densities for different areas
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|Plumptre et al. 2010
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|
 +
|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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 +
In Tanzania, 90% of the country’s chimpanzees are found in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, where suitable habitat is being lost and fragmented by the expansion of human settlements, conversion of land for agriculture, logging, and cattle herding (Chitayat et al. 2021). Chimpanzees in savanna-woodland mosaics, such as in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, already live at relatively low densities, highlighting the need to identify and protect areas critical for chimpanzee conservation (Chitaya et al. 2021).
 +
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|1.1 Housing & urban areas
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|People settling in the area tend to locate near water sources. As a result, small riverine strips of forest, critical for chimpanzees and the endemic Kungwe apalis, are disappearing (WCS n.d.)
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|High
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|
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|Conversion of chimpanzee habitat into agricultural land (GMERC n.d.).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|
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|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
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|High
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|
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|Cattle herding (Chitaya et al. 2021).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|Injuries caused by snares ([https://www.gmerc.org/conservation GMERC]).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|High
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|
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|Clearing the forest for charcoal production ([https://www.gmerc.org/conservation GMERC]).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
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|
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|
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|Settlement of refugees from the wars in Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo in the landscape has led to loss of habitat (WCS).
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|Unknown
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
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|High
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|
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|Fires ignited by humans, contributing to habitat loss (WCS, GMERC).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 +
 +
Government-led patrols are conducted in partnership with the Jane Goodall Institute to fight illegal activities, such as poaching and herding (GMERC).
 +
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
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|[https://www.gmerc.org/conservation GMERC] organise and sponsor patrols to combat illegal activities since 2009.
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|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|10. Education & Awareness
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|11. Habitat Protection
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|12. Species Management
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
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|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Providing fuel efficient ovens [https://www.gmerc.org/conservation GMERC].
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|
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|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|Research is regularly conducted at the site [https://www.gmerc.org/conservation GMERC].
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|-
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|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
The Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation group cover several topics in their research, such as chimpanzee behavioral ecology, bioacoustics, environmental and biodiversity monitoring, as well as research on yellow baboons and red-tailed monkeys (GMERC n.d.).
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Greater Mahale Ecosystem'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
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|-
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|}
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=External links=
 +
[https://www.gmerc.org/ Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation]<br>
 +
[https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx Greater Mahale Ecosystem WCS]<br>
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[https://fzs.org/en/projects/mahale/ Greater Mahale Ecosystem Frankfurt Zoological Society]<br>
 +
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===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
Chitayat AB, Wich SA, Lewis M, Stewart FA, Piel AK (2021) Ecological correlates of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) density in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0246628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246628<br>
 +
GMERC (n.d.). Conservation. https://www.gmerc.org/conservation<br>
 +
WCS. (n.d.). Greater Mahale Ecosystem. https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx<br>
 +
Plumptre AJ, Rose R, Nangendo G, Williamson E a., Didier K, Hart J, et al. Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. Gland, Switzerland; 2010.<br>
 +
 +
<br>
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'''Page completed by: '''NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS''' Date:''' DD/MM/YYYY <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 10:26, 14 October 2021

East Africa > Tanzania > Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Summary

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem.
  • It has been estimated that 2,600 individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 20,000 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees include human settlements in important habitat, logging and charcoal production, fires, expansion of agriculture and herding, and poaching.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and presence of researchers, and providing fuel-efficient ovens.
  • The site holds approximately 90% of the chimpanzee population in Tanzania.

Site characteristics

Located in western Tanzania, the Greater Mahale Ecosystem includes the Mahale Mountains National Park and its surrounding natural habitat. In addition to the eastern chimpanzee, other species of conservation concern that occur in the area include red colobus monkeys, elephants, lions, sables, and the endemic bird Kungwe apalis (WCS). A total of 1,939 mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and plant species have been recorded at the site, of which 15 species are endemic to the Albertine Rift and 28 species are threatened (CR, EN, VU) under the IUCN Red List (WCS).

Table 1. Basic site information for Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Area 20,000 km²
Coordinates
Designation Unclassified
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical high altitude grassland

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The WCS Albertine Rift Program conducted surveys of the Greater Mahale Ecosystem in the mid 2000s with Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), to estimate chimpanzee numbers for the area and assess other biodiversity WCS).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2005 2,600 Greater Mahale Ecosystem Extrapolation of suitable habitat based on satellite imagery and densities for different areas Plumptre et al. 2010

Threats

In Tanzania, 90% of the country’s chimpanzees are found in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, where suitable habitat is being lost and fragmented by the expansion of human settlements, conversion of land for agriculture, logging, and cattle herding (Chitayat et al. 2021). Chimpanzees in savanna-woodland mosaics, such as in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, already live at relatively low densities, highlighting the need to identify and protect areas critical for chimpanzee conservation (Chitaya et al. 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas Present, but threat severity unknown People settling in the area tend to locate near water sources. As a result, small riverine strips of forest, critical for chimpanzees and the endemic Kungwe apalis, are disappearing (WCS n.d.) Ongoing (2021)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Conversion of chimpanzee habitat into agricultural land (GMERC n.d.). Ongoing (2021)
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching High Cattle herding (Chitaya et al. 2021). Ongoing (2021)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown Injuries caused by snares (GMERC). Ongoing (2021)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Clearing the forest for charcoal production (GMERC). Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises Settlement of refugees from the wars in Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo in the landscape has led to loss of habitat (WCS). Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High Fires ignited by humans, contributing to habitat loss (WCS, GMERC). Ongoing (2021)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Government-led patrols are conducted in partnership with the Jane Goodall Institute to fight illegal activities, such as poaching and herding (GMERC).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols GMERC organise and sponsor patrols to combat illegal activities since 2009. Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) Providing fuel efficient ovens GMERC. Ongoing (2021)
13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site Research is regularly conducted at the site GMERC. Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

The Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation group cover several topics in their research, such as chimpanzee behavioral ecology, bioacoustics, environmental and biodiversity monitoring, as well as research on yellow baboons and red-tailed monkeys (GMERC n.d.).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Greater Mahale Ecosystem

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation
Greater Mahale Ecosystem WCS
Greater Mahale Ecosystem Frankfurt Zoological Society

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Chitayat AB, Wich SA, Lewis M, Stewart FA, Piel AK (2021) Ecological correlates of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) density in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0246628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246628
GMERC (n.d.). Conservation. https://www.gmerc.org/conservation
WCS. (n.d.). Greater Mahale Ecosystem. https://albertinerift.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Greater-Mahale-Ecosystem.aspx
Plumptre AJ, Rose R, Nangendo G, Williamson E a., Didier K, Hart J, et al. Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. Gland, Switzerland; 2010.


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