Difference between revisions of "Ulu Segama-Malua"

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Segama-Malua]]
 
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Segama-Malua]]
  
−
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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 +
__TOC__
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= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|4.956727, 117.878134~[[Ulu Segama-Malua]]~Pongo pygmaeus morio}}</div>
 
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in the Ulu Segama-Malua landscape.
 
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in the Ulu Segama-Malua landscape.
 
* It has been estimated that 2,580 (CI: 1,295-5,866) individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 2,580 (CI: 1,295-5,866) individuals occur in the site.
Line 17: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration.
 
* Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
The Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape is located in the Malaysian state of Sabah between 116°28′E and 4°14′N and comprises approximately 240,000 hectares of lowland forest (WWF 2020, Ancrenaz et al. 2010). The site sustains one of the largest orangutan populations in Sabah (WWF 2020). To the north of USM, Bukit Piton Forest Reserve (12,000 ha) is found, which is an area of high conservation value (WWF 2020). The USM landscape consists of a variably steep terrain, with many hills and ridges, although Malua's topography is predominantly flat and low (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
The Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape is located in the Malaysian state of Sabah between 116°28′E and 4°14′N and comprises approximately 240,000 hectares of lowland forest (WWF 2020, Ancrenaz et al. 2010). The site sustains one of the largest orangutan populations in Sabah (WWF 2020). To the north of USM, Bukit Piton Forest Reserve (12,000 ha) is found, which is an area of high conservation value (WWF 2020). The USM landscape consists of a variably steep terrain, with many hills and ridges, although Malua's topography is predominantly flat and low (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pongo pygmaeus morio
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|2,400 km²
 
|2,400 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|4.956727, 117.878134
+
|Lat: 4.956727 , Lon:  117.878134
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ulu Segama-Malua'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
Line 60: Line 64:
 
|
 
|
 
|Segama forests
 
|Segama forests
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2005
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2005
 
|
 
|
Line 71: Line 75:
 
|
 
|
 
|North Ulu Segama
 
|North Ulu Segama
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 82: Line 86:
 
|
 
|
 
|Segama East
 
|Segama East
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 90: Line 94:
 
|2007
 
|2007
 
|
 
|
−
|0.79 (0.29-2.16)  
+
|0.79 (0.29-2.16)
 
|
 
|
 
|Segama Central
 
|Segama Central
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 104: Line 108:
 
|
 
|
 
|Segama South West
 
|Segama South West
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 115: Line 119:
 
|
 
|
 
|Malua
 
|Malua
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 126: Line 130:
 
|
 
|
 
|USM forests, total
 
|USM forests, total
−
|Aerial and ground survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|Ancrenaz et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
Line 132: Line 136:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ulu Segama-Malua'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|Oil palm plantations surround the landscape, especially along the eastern and northern borders (Ancrenaz et al. 2010, WWF 2020).
 
|Oil palm plantations surround the landscape, especially along the eastern and northern borders (Ancrenaz et al. 2010, WWF 2020).
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|High
 
|High
−
|5.5 roads/km of transect in overdegraded forest; 3.4 roads/km of transect in degraded forest (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
 
|Logging roads that are present in higher frequency in overdegraded forests (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
|Logging roads that are present in higher frequency in overdegraded forests (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|Heavy logging has led to decreased orangutan abundance at the site, as well as forest fragmentation (Ancrenaz et al 2010).
 
|Heavy logging has led to decreased orangutan abundance at the site, as well as forest fragmentation (Ancrenaz et al 2010).
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|Fires to clear land, but also due to severe droughts (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
|Fires to clear land, but also due to severe droughts (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
Conventional logging practices and heavy extraction rates, coupled with high road densities and indiscriminate felling, has resulted in a mosaic of highly degraded forests bordering hilltops and isolated patches of moderate habitat; in other words, habitat in the USM landscape is very heterogeneous (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Multiple logging cycles that began in 1957 and ended in 2007 led to drastic alterations in the original forest structure and integrity (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Forest fragmentation has forced the orangutan population to spread into less suitable habitats (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
 
Conventional logging practices and heavy extraction rates, coupled with high road densities and indiscriminate felling, has resulted in a mosaic of highly degraded forests bordering hilltops and isolated patches of moderate habitat; in other words, habitat in the USM landscape is very heterogeneous (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Multiple logging cycles that began in 1957 and ended in 2007 led to drastic alterations in the original forest structure and integrity (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Forest fragmentation has forced the orangutan population to spread into less suitable habitats (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ulu Segama-Malua'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|Not reported
+
|5.6 Habitat restoration
 +
|Restoration in the Bukit Piton forest is intended to have a positive impact on the rest of the landscape by connecting key patches of forest (WWF 2020).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|10. Education & Awareness
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|11.7. Restore habitat corridors
 
−
|Restoration in the Bukit Piton forest is intended to have a positive impact on the rest of the landscape by connecting key patches of forest (WWF 2020).
 
−
|Ongoing (2020)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 
[http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/usm/ Ulu Segama Malua - Sabah Forestry Department]
 
[http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/usm/ Ulu Segama Malua - Sabah Forestry Department]
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Ancrenaz, M., Ambu, L., Sunjoto, I., Ahmad, E., Manokaran, K., Meijaard, E., & Lackman, I. (2010). Recent surveys in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua, Sabah, Malaysia, show that orang-utans (P. p. morio) can be maintained in slightly logged forests. PLoS One, 5(7), e11510. <br>
 
−
Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3. <br>
 
−
WWF (2020). Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutan’s Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah. Online: https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364737/WWF-field-series-Lessons-learnt-from-restoring-the-orangutan-habitat-in-the-Malaysian-State-of-Sabah <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Ancrenaz, M., Ambu, L., Sunjoto, I., Ahmad, E., Manokaran, K., Meijaard, E., & Lackman, I. (2010). Recent surveys in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua, Sabah, Malaysia, show that orang-utans (P. p. morio) can be maintained in slightly logged forests. PLoS One, 5(7), e11510.
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 16/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3.
 +
 
 +
WWF (2020). Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutan’s Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah. Online: https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364737/WWF-field-series-Lessons-learnt-from-restoring-the-orangutan-habitat-in-the-Malaysian-State-of-Sabah
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Revision as of 11:12, 24 January 2025

Asia > Malaysia > Ulu Segama-Malua

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in the Ulu Segama-Malua landscape.
  • It has been estimated that 2,580 (CI: 1,295-5,866) individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 2,400 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans include logging, forest degradation and fragmentation.
  • Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration.


Site characteristics

The Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape is located in the Malaysian state of Sabah between 116°28′E and 4°14′N and comprises approximately 240,000 hectares of lowland forest (WWF 2020, Ancrenaz et al. 2010). The site sustains one of the largest orangutan populations in Sabah (WWF 2020). To the north of USM, Bukit Piton Forest Reserve (12,000 ha) is found, which is an area of high conservation value (WWF 2020). The USM landscape consists of a variably steep terrain, with many hills and ridges, although Malua's topography is predominantly flat and low (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Segama-Malua

Species Pongo pygmaeus morio
Area 2,400 km²
Coordinates Lat: 4.956727 , Lon: 117.878134
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ulu Segama-Malua

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2002 4,584 (2,064-11,064) Segama forests Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2005
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 1.52 (0.5-4.1) North Ulu Segama Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 0.13 (0.04-0.39) Segama East Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 0.79 (0.29-2.16) Segama Central Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 1.76 (0.64-4.80) Segama South West Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 1.64 (0.58-4.52) Malua Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010
Pongo pygmaeus morio 2007 2,580 (1,295-5,866) USM forests, total Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) Ancrenaz et al. 2010

Threats

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ulu Segama-Malua

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Oil palm plantations surround the landscape, especially along the eastern and northern borders (Ancrenaz et al. 2010, WWF 2020). Ongoing (2020)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High Logging roads that are present in higher frequency in overdegraded forests (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Ongoing (2010)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Heavy logging has led to decreased orangutan abundance at the site, as well as forest fragmentation (Ancrenaz et al 2010). Ongoing (2010)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Present, but threat severity unknown Fires to clear land, but also due to severe droughts (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Ongoing (2010)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Conventional logging practices and heavy extraction rates, coupled with high road densities and indiscriminate felling, has resulted in a mosaic of highly degraded forests bordering hilltops and isolated patches of moderate habitat; in other words, habitat in the USM landscape is very heterogeneous (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Multiple logging cycles that began in 1957 and ended in 2007 led to drastic alterations in the original forest structure and integrity (Ancrenaz et al. 2010). Forest fragmentation has forced the orangutan population to spread into less suitable habitats (Ancrenaz et al. 2010).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ulu Segama-Malua

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration Restoration in the Bukit Piton forest is intended to have a positive impact on the rest of the landscape by connecting key patches of forest (WWF 2020). Ongoing (2020)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Segama-Malua

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Ulu Segama-Malua

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ulu Segama-Malua

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Ulu Segama Malua - Sabah Forestry Department

Relevant datasets

References

Ancrenaz, M., Ambu, L., Sunjoto, I., Ahmad, E., Manokaran, K., Meijaard, E., & Lackman, I. (2010). Recent surveys in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua, Sabah, Malaysia, show that orang-utans (P. p. morio) can be maintained in slightly logged forests. PLoS One, 5(7), e11510.

Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3.

WWF (2020). Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutan’s Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah. Online: https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364737/WWF-field-series-Lessons-learnt-from-restoring-the-orangutan-habitat-in-the-Malaysian-State-of-Sabah


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