Difference between revisions of "Test"

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[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]
+
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Ankasa Conservation Area]]
  
−
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ankasa_Conservation_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=4 | layers=OpenTopoMap, OpenStreetMap |25.521581, 93.051847~[[Assam]]~Western hoolock gibbons}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.252710, -2.583665~[[Ankasa Conservation Area]]~Western Chimpanzee}}</div>
−
* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
−
* The population size is unknown.
+
* Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
−
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
−
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 509 km².
−
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
−
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
+
* Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.
 +
 
  
  
 
= Site_characteristics =
 
= Site_characteristics =
  
−
The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Hoolock hoolock
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|78,438 km²
+
|509 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|25.521581, 93.051847
+
|5.252710, -2.583665
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 41: Line 42:
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]  
−
= Ape_status =
 
  
−
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
= Ape status =
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Assam'''
+
Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
 +
 
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
|''Hoolock hoolock''
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−
|2019
+
|2016
−
|17
+
|0
−
|7
 
−
|NA
 
−
|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²
 
−
|Line transects (Distance)
 
−
|Chetry et al. 2019
 
−
|Survey effort 98 km. Average group size was 2.42
 
−
|NA
 
−
|-
 
−
|''Hoolock hoolock''
 
−
|2017-2018
 
 
|NA
 
|NA
 
|NA
 
|NA
 +
|Ankasa Conservation Area
 
|NA
 
|NA
−
|Upper Brahmaputra Valley, 9851 km²
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016
−
|Unknown
 
−
|Sarma et al. 2021
 
 
|NA
 
|NA
 
|NA
 
|NA
 
|}
 
|}
 +
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Assam'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 83: Line 75:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Residential areas
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|Medium
−
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
+
|The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
−
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|3 Energy production & mining
 
−
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
−
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|Low
−
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|2016 - 2020
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
−
|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).
 
−
|Ongoing (2021)
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
−
|High
 
−
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 137: Line 111:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
+
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
Line 174: Line 148:
  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]  
−
= Conservation_activities =
 
  
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 +
The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Assam'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
Line 185: Line 160:
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|1 Development impact mitigation
 +
|1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas
 +
|Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Development impact mitigation
 +
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
 +
|Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 +
|Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
Line 194: Line 187:
 
|4 Education & awareness
 
|4 Education & awareness
 
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−
|NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7 Economic & other incentives
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]  
 +
 
= Challenges =
 
= Challenges =
  
−
Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Assam'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 
!Challenges
 
!Challenges
Line 218: Line 212:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of long-term funding
+
|Lack of financial means
 +
|
 +
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Lack of logistical means
 
|
 
|
−
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
+
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of national action plan
+
|Lack of human resources
 
|
 
|
−
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
+
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
 +
|
 +
|Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
   
 
   
−
= Research_activities =
 
  
−
Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
= Documented behaviours =
 
= Documented behaviours =
Line 237: Line 243:
  
  
−
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Assam'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 
!Behavior
 
!Behavior
Line 247: Line 253:
  
 
   
 
   
 +
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 +
[https://fcghana.org/ Ghana Forestry Commission]
 +
 +
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
 +
!'''Value'''
 +
!'''1981-2010'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|27.2
 +
|28.2
 +
|28.1
 +
|28.4
 +
|29.3
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1649
 +
|1583
 +
|1674
 +
|1625
 +
|1711
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|24.4
 +
|24.6
 +
|26.3
 +
|23.5
 +
|29.4
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|7.1
 +
|8.8
 +
|8.6
 +
|8
 +
|10.4
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area]] </li></ul></div>
 +
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
 +
!'''Type'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|2.06
 +
|3.5
 +
|1.5
 +
|1
 +
|0.87
 +
|2
 +
|2.4
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|1.75
 +
|100
 +
|1.25
 +
|100
 +
|0.25
 +
|25
 +
|1.75
 +
|50
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|18
 +
|100
 +
|15.5
 +
|100
 +
|21.5
 +
|100
 +
|17.5
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|1
 +
|4.59
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|2.29
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.39
 +
|30
 +
|0.36
 +
|29
 +
|0.39
 +
|29
 +
|0.37
 +
|}
  
 +
  
 
= External links =
 
= External links =
  
−
[https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak]
+
 
  
 
= Relevant datasets =
 
= Relevant datasets =
Line 261: Line 387:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005
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Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
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Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126.
 
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Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.
 
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Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001
 
  
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Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8
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Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)
  
  
  
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'''Page completed by: '''Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/10/2023
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'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 14/08/2023

Revision as of 15:13, 22 November 2024

West Africa > Ghana > Ankasa Conservation Area

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
  • Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
  • The site has a total size of 509 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.


Site_characteristics

Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 509 km²
Coordinates 5.252710, -2.583665
Type of site Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Pan troglodytes verus 2016 0 NA NA Ankasa Conservation Area NA Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016 NA NA


Threats

There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). 2016 - 2020
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Lack of financial means Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of logistical means Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of human resources Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of trust and support from local communities Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ankasa Conservation Area

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Ghana Forestry Commission

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 27.2 28.2 28.1 28.4 29.3
Annual precipitation [mm] 1649 1583 1674 1625 1711
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 24.4 24.6 26.3 23.5 29.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7.1 8.8 8.6 8 10.4


  • Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area
  • Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 2.06 3.5 1.5 1 0.87 2 2.4
Drought 1.75 100 1.25 100 0.25 25 1.75 50
Heatwave 18 100 15.5 100 21.5 100 17.5 100
River flood 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.59
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 2.29
Wildfire 30 0.39 30 0.36 29 0.39 29 0.37


External links

Relevant datasets

References

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.

Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)


Page completed by: Richard Ofori-Amanfo Date: 14/08/2023

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