Difference between revisions of "Oba Hills Forest Reserve"
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+ | [[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Oba Hills Forest Reserve]] | ||
− | + | = Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map --> | |
− | + | * Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Oba Hills Forest Reserve. | |
− | = Summary = | + | * Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site. |
− | + | * The population trend is unknown. | |
− | * | + | * The site has a total size of 68 km². |
− | * | + | * Key threats to chimpanzees are XXXXX. |
− | * | + | * Conservation activities have focused on XXXXXX. |
− | * | ||
− | * Key threats to | ||
− | * | ||
+ | = Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information --> | ||
− | + | Located in the south-western state of Osun, in Nigeria, the site encompasses three hills and a valley in between. | |
− | + | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | '''Table 1 | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information" | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information" | ||
− | | Area | + | | Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha --> |
− | | | + | |68 km² |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Coordinates | + | |Coordinates |
− | | | + | |7.783 N, 4.117 E |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Designation | + | |Designation |
− | | | + | |Forest Reserve |
|- | |- | ||
− | |Habitat types | + | |Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below --> |
− | | | + | |Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, savanna, shrubland, subtropical/tropical swamp forest |
|} | |} | ||
− | [ | + | [https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]] |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | = Ape status = | + | = Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results --> |
+ | Based on a survey in 2006, chimpanzees are likely to be extinct or nearly extinct in the area (Greengrass 2006). Only a chimpanzee-like vocalization was heard during the survey (Greengrass 2009). The last time local people reported seeing chimpanzees was in 2002 (Greengrass 2006), and in 1999 a dead chimpanzee was offered for sale in a nearby market (Oates et al. 2003 in Kormos et al. 2003). | ||
− | + | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | '''Table 2 | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table" | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table" | ||
! Species | ! Species | ||
! Year | ! Year | ||
− | ! Abundance estimate (95% | + | ! Abundance estimate (95% CI) |
− | ! Density estimate ( | + | ! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) |
! Encounter rate (nests/km) | ! Encounter rate (nests/km) | ||
! Area | ! Area | ||
Line 72: | Line 54: | ||
! A.P.E.S. database ID | ! A.P.E.S. database ID | ||
|- | |- | ||
+ | |''Pan troglodytes ellioti'' | ||
+ | |2006 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |0 |
− | | | + | |Oba Hills Forest Reserve |
− | | | + | |Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and interviews |
− | | | + | |Greengrass 2006 |
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 86: | Line 68: | ||
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats --> | = Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats --> | ||
+ | Taungya farming has spread throughout the bottom of the hills, and also halfway up the slopes (Greengrass 2006). In 2006, the hills were also being deforested and logged; scrubby vegetation growing back on the hills was frequently burnt, thus preventing regeneration (Greengrass 2006). In the western part of Oba Hills, there was once a large teak plantation, covering 12% of the total area, but since the plantation has been over-exploited, only coppices remain (Greengrass 2006). | ||
− | + | '''Table 3. Threats to apes in Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | '''Table 3 | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table" | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table" | ||
− | !align="left"|Category | + | !align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES --> |
− | !Specific threats | + | !Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below --> |
− | !Threat level | + | !Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown--> |
− | !Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter | + | !Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates--> |
− | !Description | + | !Description <!-- Add descriptive information --> |
− | !Year of threat | + | !Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses --> |
|- | |- | ||
|1. Residential & commercial development | |1. Residential & commercial development | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |Unknown | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |2. Agriculture & aquaculture | ||
+ | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
+ | |High | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |All the land surrounding the three hills is subject to taungya farming, and the hills are being deforested; barely any forest is left (Greengrass 2006). | ||
+ | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture | |2. Agriculture & aquaculture | ||
+ | |2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | ||
+ | |Present, but threat severity is unknown | ||
+ | |Teak plantation covered 12% of the area (Oates et al. 2003). | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Unknown |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|3. Energy production & mining | |3. Energy production & mining | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Unknown |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 122: | Line 109: | ||
|4. Transportation & service corridors | |4. Transportation & service corridors | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Unknown |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 128: | Line 115: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5. Biological resource use | |5. Biological resource use | ||
+ | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
+ | |High | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |The chimpanzee population has been hunted likely to the point of extirpation; hunting of other species (e.g., duikers) continues (Greengrass 2006, Wahab 2016). |
− | | | + | |Ongoing (2016) |
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | |6. Human | + | |6. Human intrusion & disturbance |
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | |Unknown | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 142: | Line 129: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7. Natural system modifications | |7. Natural system modifications | ||
+ | |7.1 Fire & fire suppression | ||
+ | |High | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Repeated anthropogenic bush fires in the core of the reserve (Wahab 2016). |
− | | | + | |Ongoing (2016) |
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | |8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Unknown |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 157: | Line 144: | ||
|9. Pollution | |9. Pollution | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Absent |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 164: | Line 151: | ||
|10. Geological Events | |10. Geological Events | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Absent |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |11. Climate change & severe weather | + | | 11. Climate change & severe weather |
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | |Unknown | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 178: | Line 165: | ||
|12. Other options | |12. Other options | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | |Absent |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 186: | Line 173: | ||
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list] | [https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list] | ||
+ | = Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities --> | ||
− | + | '''Table 4. Conservation activities in Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | '''Table 4 | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table" | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table" | ||
− | !align="left"|Category | + | !align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES --> |
− | !Specific activity | + | !Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” --> |
− | !Description | + | !Description <!-- Add descriptive information --> |
− | !Year of activity | + | !Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information --> |
|- | |- | ||
|1. Residential & commercial development | |1. Residential & commercial development | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture | |2. Agriculture & aquaculture | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3. Energy production & mining | |3. Energy production & mining | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4. Transportation & service corridors | |4. Transportation & service corridors | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 227: | Line 207: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |6. Human | + | |6. Human intrusion & disturbance |
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7. Natural system modifications | |7. Natural system modifications | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | |8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9. Pollution | |9. Pollution | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10. Education & Awareness | |10. Education & Awareness | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11. Habitat Protection | |11. Habitat Protection | ||
− | | | + | |11.2. Legally protect primate habitat |
− | | | + | |The forest reserve was established in 1955 (Wahab 2016). |
− | | | + | |Since 1955 |
|- | |- | ||
|12. Species Management | |12. Species Management | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | |13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]] | [[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]] | ||
+ | = Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation --> | ||
+ | INSERT PARAGRAPH(S) | ||
− | + | '''Table 5. Challenges reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' | |
− | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table" | |
− | + | !align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories --> | |
− | + | !Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned --> | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |Lack of financial means | |
− | '''Table 5 | + | |Greengrass 2006 |
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | |- |
− | !align="left"| | + | |Lack of law enforcement |
− | !Source | + | |Greengrass 2006 |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Corruption |
− | | | + | |Greengrass 2006 |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
− | |||
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities --> | = Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities --> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations --> | ===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations --> | ||
− | '''Table 6 | + | '''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve''' |
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table" | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table" | ||
− | !align="left"|Behavior | + | !align="left"|Behavior |
− | !Source | + | !Source |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Not reported |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | =External links= | ||
===Relevant datasets=== | ===Relevant datasets=== | ||
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal] | [http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
= References = | = References = | ||
− | + | Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.<br> | |
+ | Greengrass, E.J. (2009). Chimpanzees are close to extinction in Southwest Nigeria. Primate Conservation 24(1), 77-83. doi: 10.1896/052.024.0105<br> | ||
+ | Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I., Butynaki, T.M. (2003) West African Chimpanzees: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.<br> | ||
+ | Wahab, M.K.A. (2016). Wildlife Environmental Conservation: A Case Study of Oba Hill Forest Reserve. J Ecosys Ecograph, 6(214). doi: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000214<br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | '''Page completed by:''' | + | '''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 15/11/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" --> |
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− |
Revision as of 08:07, 15 November 2020
West Africa > Nigeria > Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Oba Hills Forest Reserve.
- Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site.
- The population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 68 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are XXXXX.
- Conservation activities have focused on XXXXXX.
Site characteristics
Located in the south-western state of Osun, in Nigeria, the site encompasses three hills and a valley in between.
Table 1. Basic site information for Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Area | 68 km² |
Coordinates | 7.783 N, 4.117 E |
Designation | Forest Reserve |
Habitat types | Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, savanna, shrubland, subtropical/tropical swamp forest |
IUCN habitat categories Site designations
Ape status
Based on a survey in 2006, chimpanzees are likely to be extinct or nearly extinct in the area (Greengrass 2006). Only a chimpanzee-like vocalization was heard during the survey (Greengrass 2009). The last time local people reported seeing chimpanzees was in 2002 (Greengrass 2006), and in 1999 a dead chimpanzee was offered for sale in a nearby market (Oates et al. 2003 in Kormos et al. 2003).
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2006 | 0 | Oba Hills Forest Reserve | Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and interviews | Greengrass 2006 |
Threats
Taungya farming has spread throughout the bottom of the hills, and also halfway up the slopes (Greengrass 2006). In 2006, the hills were also being deforested and logged; scrubby vegetation growing back on the hills was frequently burnt, thus preventing regeneration (Greengrass 2006). In the western part of Oba Hills, there was once a large teak plantation, covering 12% of the total area, but since the plantation has been over-exploited, only coppices remain (Greengrass 2006).
Table 3. Threats to apes in Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Residential & commercial development | Unknown | ||||
2. Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High | All the land surrounding the three hills is subject to taungya farming, and the hills are being deforested; barely any forest is left (Greengrass 2006). | Ongoing (2006) | |
2. Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | Present, but threat severity is unknown | Teak plantation covered 12% of the area (Oates et al. 2003). | Unknown | |
3. Energy production & mining | Unknown | ||||
4. Transportation & service corridors | Unknown | ||||
5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High | The chimpanzee population has been hunted likely to the point of extirpation; hunting of other species (e.g., duikers) continues (Greengrass 2006, Wahab 2016). | Ongoing (2016) | |
6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Unknown | ||||
7. Natural system modifications | 7.1 Fire & fire suppression | High | Repeated anthropogenic bush fires in the core of the reserve (Wahab 2016). | Ongoing (2016) | |
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Unknown | ||||
9. Pollution | Absent | ||||
10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities
Table 4. Conservation activities in Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
---|---|---|---|
1. Residential & commercial development | Not reported | ||
2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Not reported | ||
3. Energy production & mining | Not reported | ||
4. Transportation & service corridors | Not reported | ||
5. Biological resource use | |||
6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Not reported | ||
7. Natural system modifications | Not reported | ||
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Not reported | ||
9. Pollution | Not reported | ||
10. Education & Awareness | Not reported | ||
11. Habitat Protection | 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat | The forest reserve was established in 1955 (Wahab 2016). | Since 1955 |
12. Species Management | Not reported | ||
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | Not reported |
Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)
Challenges
INSERT PARAGRAPH(S)
Table 5. Challenges reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Challenge | Source |
---|---|
Lack of financial means | Greengrass 2006 |
Lack of law enforcement | Greengrass 2006 |
Corruption | Greengrass 2006 |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve
Behavior | Source |
---|---|
Not reported |
External links
Relevant datasets
References
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.
Greengrass, E.J. (2009). Chimpanzees are close to extinction in Southwest Nigeria. Primate Conservation 24(1), 77-83. doi: 10.1896/052.024.0105
Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I., Butynaki, T.M. (2003) West African Chimpanzees: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Wahab, M.K.A. (2016). Wildlife Environmental Conservation: A Case Study of Oba Hill Forest Reserve. J Ecosys Ecograph, 6(214). doi: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000214
Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 15/11/2020