Difference between revisions of "Ziama Biosphere Reserve"

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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
-->
 
-->
 +
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]
−
 
−
 
−
SITE UNDER PROGRESS
 
  
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
  
−
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 Pan troglodytes verus]) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.  
+
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.  
−
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur in the reserve.
+
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur in the reserve.  
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is not known.  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is not known.  
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* This site has a total size of  1,162 km².
+
* This site has a total size of  1,162 km².  
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.  
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.  
−
* The following conservation activities are on-going: law-enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.  
+
* The following conservation activities are on-going: law-enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.  
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* Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.
+
* Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
−
Ziama Biosphere Reserve (also called Massif du Ziama, Ziama Classified Forest) is located in southern Guinea (08°20'N; 09°20'W) and is contiguous with Wonegizi Nature Reserve in Liberia ([https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest  UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018]). It is designated a Classified Forest (IUCN category not reported, UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018) and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1980 ([http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02  UNESCO MAB 2007]). The forest is located in Guinée forestière, one of four Guinean natural regions, and is part of the region N'Zérékoré. Ziama massif is part of the Guinea Highlands and the altitude of the area ranges from 500 to 1,387 m (UNESCO MAB 2007). Due to its diverse topographic features, including mountains, valleys and plateaus, Ziama forest features different habitat types:  primary mountain forests, secondary mountain forests, and secondary lowland forest, swamps and savannas (UNESCO MAB 2007). The terrain is very rugged and annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 mm ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375  BirdLife International 2018]).  
+
Ziama Biosphere Reserve (also called Massif du Ziama, Ziama Classified Forest) is located in southern Guinea and is contiguous with Wonegizi Nature Reserve in Liberia ([https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest  UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018]). It is designated a Classified Forest (IUCN category not reported, UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018) and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1980 ([http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02  UNESCO MAB 2007]). The forest is located in Guinée forestière, one of four Guinean natural regions, and is part of the region N'Zérékoré. Ziama massif is part of the Guinea Highlands and the altitude of the area ranges from 500 to 1,387 m (UNESCO MAB 2007). Due to its diverse topographic features, including mountains, valleys and plateaus, Ziama forest features different habitat types:  primary mountain forests, secondary mountain forests, and secondary lowland forest, swamps and savannas (UNESCO MAB 2007). The terrain is very rugged and annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 mm ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375  BirdLife International 2018]).  
−
In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo (Bakarr et al. 2001). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant population is the last population in Guinea ([https://forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/  AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2018). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species ([http://www.wildchimps.org  WCF 2012]). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea.
+
In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo (Bakarr et al. 2001). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') population is the last population in Guinea ([forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/  AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2018). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species ([http://www.wildchimps.org  WCF 2012]). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea.
−
Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km2, a buffer zone of 272.3 km2, and a transition area of 463.9 km2 (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km2 in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).
+
Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km2, a buffer zone of 272.3 km2, and a transition area of 463.9 km2 (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km2 in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).  
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Area:             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
−
|1,161.70 km²  
+
|1,161.70 km²
 +
|-
 +
| Coordinates
 +
| 8.28 N, -9.34 W
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation:     <!-- Protected area, Forestry concession, Community reserve   -->
+
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.   -->
 
|Classified forest
 
|Classified forest
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types:   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, swamps
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, swamps, arable land
 
|}
 
|}
 
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
−
Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).
+
Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).
−
 
 
  
 
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
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! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% Confidence Intervall)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
−
! Density estimate (per km2)
+
! Density estimate (per km²)
−
! Encounter rate
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
 
! Method
 
! Method
Line 62: Line 61:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−
|1988
+
|1988  
−
|50 individuals
+
|50
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ziama forest
 
|Ziama forest
−
|questionnaire survey
+
|Interview method
 
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988  
 
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988  
−
|
+
|Questionnaire survey
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|1997
 
|1997
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|presence
+
|Present
 
|Ziama forest
 
|Ziama forest
−
|reconnaissance survey
+
|Index survey
 
|Ham 1998
 
|Ham 1998
−
|
+
|Reconnaissance survey
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
−
|< 20 individuals
+
|< 20  
 
|
 
|
−
|0.04 nests/km
+
|0.04
 
|Ziama forest
 
|Ziama forest
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation 2012
 
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation 2012
−
|total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation [10]
+
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation [10]
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990’s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
+
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
  
−
<br>
 
 
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 +
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1.1. Housing & urban areas
 
|1.1. Housing & urban areas
−
|medium
+
|Medium
−
|recent expansion of village settlements [10]
+
|
−
|after 2005
+
|Recent expansion of village settlements (WCF 2012)
 +
|After 2005
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
 
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
−
|high
+
|High
−
|illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest [10], especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands [5]
+
|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
−
|on-going
+
|Illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018)
 +
|Ongoing (2012, 2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1. Roads & railroads
 
|4.1. Roads & railroads
−
|medium
+
|Medium
−
|recent extension of roads around villages in the North [10]
+
|1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
−
|on-going
+
|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012)
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1.Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|high
+
|High
−
|hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat [6, 10]
+
|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
−
|on-going
+
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
 +
|Ongoing (1998, 2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5.3. Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3. Logging & wood harvesting
−
|medium
+
|Medium
−
|deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South [10]
+
|0.14 signs of wood extraction/km (22 signs of wood extraction, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
−
|on-going
+
|Deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South (WCF 2012)
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
 +
|Low
 +
|0.02 signs of fishing/km (3 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
 +
|Signs of fishing (WCF 2012)
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|unknow
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats list]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. Since 2009 its activities are supported by Fauna & Flora International (FFI) that implements conservation activities there as part of their transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).<br><br>
+
The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
−
'''Table 3: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve '''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of activity        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
 
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
−
|FFI works with local farmers to encourage them to use land around villages and outside of the forest for farming instead wetlands [5]
+
|FFI works with local farmers to encourage them to use land around villages and outside of the forest for farming instead wetlands (FFI 2018)
−
|on-going
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols  
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI [5]
+
|The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI (FFI 2018)
−
|on-going
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|5.10. Provide better equipment (e.g. guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
|5.10. Provide better equipment (e.g. guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
−
|AFEF is fundraising to provide rangers with boots [1]
+
|AFEF is fundraising to provide rangers with boots (AFEF 2017)
−
|on-going
+
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection  
+
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|11.1. Create buffer zones around protected primate habitat
 +
|Forest was divided into three land-use zones, with the core of the forest being designated as an ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009)
 +
|Unknown (2009)
 +
|-
 +
|
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|designated as Classified Forest [8]
+
|Designated as Classified Forest (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018)
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown (2018)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas
 +
|Replanting activities by park authorities (METT 2009)
 +
|Until 2008
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
−
No information on impediments has been documented. <br><br>
+
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 +
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Lack of capacity/training
 +
|METT 2009
 +
|-
 +
|Lack of financial means
 +
|METT 2009
 +
|-
 +
|Lack of technical means
 +
|METT 2009
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
[[Impediments list]]
+
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
<br>
+
From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities, and keyword list of documented behaviours -->
+
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugiere and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Diéké Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).
+
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- Paragraph describing any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
−
• none documented
+
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
[1] AFEF (2017) African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [https://forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/  forestelephants.org]<br>
+
AFEF. 2017. African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/  forestelephants.org] <br>
−
[2] Bakarr M. et al. (2001) in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International<br>
+
Bakarr M et al. 2001. in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International <br>
−
[3] BirdLife International (2018) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375  www.birdlife.org]<br>
+
BirdLife International. 2018. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375  www.birdlife.org] <br>
−
[4] Brugiere, D. & Kormos, R. (2009) Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847<br>
+
Brugière D, Kormos R. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847 <br>
−
[5] FFI (2018) Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online:  [https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve  www.fauna-flora.org]<br>
+
FFI. 2018. Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online:  [www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve  www.fauna-flora.org] <br>
−
[6] Ham (1998) Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea<br>
+
Ham R. 1998. Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea <br>
−
[7] Sugiyama, Y. & Soumah, A.G. (1988) Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574<br>
+
METT. 2009. Management Effectiveness Evaluations – Forêt Classée de Ziama. Online: [https://papaco.org/guinea/  papaco.org] <br>
−
[8] UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2018) Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest  www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
+
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG. 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574 <br>
−
[9] UNESCO MAB (2007) UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 www.unesco.org]<br>
+
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest  www.protectedplanet.net] <br>
−
[10] WCF (2012) Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org www.wildchimps.org]<br>
+
UNESCO MAB. 2007. UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02   www.unesco.org] <br>
−
 
+
WCF. 2012. Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org   www.wildchimps.org] <br>
−
 
 
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team   '''Date:''' 13/11/18 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 11/2018 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
<br><br>
 
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Revision as of 08:20, 28 October 2019

West Africa > Republic of Guinea > Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Summary

  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur in the reserve.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is not known.
  • This site has a total size of 1,162 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.
  • The following conservation activities are on-going: law-enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.
  • Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.

Site characteristics

Ziama Biosphere Reserve (also called Massif du Ziama, Ziama Classified Forest) is located in southern Guinea and is contiguous with Wonegizi Nature Reserve in Liberia (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018). It is designated a Classified Forest (IUCN category not reported, UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018) and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1980 (UNESCO MAB 2007). The forest is located in Guinée forestière, one of four Guinean natural regions, and is part of the region N'Zérékoré. Ziama massif is part of the Guinea Highlands and the altitude of the area ranges from 500 to 1,387 m (UNESCO MAB 2007). Due to its diverse topographic features, including mountains, valleys and plateaus, Ziama forest features different habitat types: primary mountain forests, secondary mountain forests, and secondary lowland forest, swamps and savannas (UNESCO MAB 2007). The terrain is very rugged and annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 mm (BirdLife International 2018). In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo (Bakarr et al. 2001). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant (Loxodonta africana) population is the last population in Guinea ([forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2018). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species (WCF 2012). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea. Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km2, a buffer zone of 272.3 km2, and a transition area of 463.9 km2 (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km2 in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).

Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Area 1,161.70 km²
Coordinates 8.28 N, -9.34 W
Designation Classified forest
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, swamps, arable land

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).

Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval) Density estimate (per km²) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1988 50 Ziama forest Interview method Sugiyama & Soumah 1988 Questionnaire survey
Pan troglodytes verus 1997 Present Ziama forest Index survey Ham 1998 Reconnaissance survey
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 < 20 0.04 Ziama forest Line transects (Distance) Wild Chimpanzee Foundation 2012 Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation [10]

Threats

Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation (FFI 2018). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).

Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1. Housing & urban areas Medium Recent expansion of village settlements (WCF 2012) After 2005
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops High 0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012) Illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018) Ongoing (2012, 2018)
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1. Roads & railroads Medium 1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012) Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
5. Biological resource use 5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High 1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012) Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012) Ongoing (1998, 2012)
5. Biological resource use 5.3. Logging & wood harvesting Medium 0.14 signs of wood extraction/km (22 signs of wood extraction, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012) Deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
5. Biological resource use 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources Low 0.02 signs of fishing/km (3 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012) Signs of fishing (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).

Table 4: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land FFI works with local farmers to encourage them to use land around villages and outside of the forest for farming instead wetlands (FFI 2018) Ongoing (2018)
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI (FFI 2018) Ongoing (2018)
5.10. Provide better equipment (e.g. guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols AFEF is fundraising to provide rangers with boots (AFEF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.1. Create buffer zones around protected primate habitat Forest was divided into three land-use zones, with the core of the forest being designated as an ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009) Unknown (2009)
11.2. Legally protect primate habitat Designated as Classified Forest (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018) Unknown (2018)
11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas Replanting activities by park authorities (METT 2009) Until 2008
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Impediments

Table 5: Impediments reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Impediment Source
Lack of capacity/training METT 2009
Lack of financial means METT 2009
Lack of technical means METT 2009

Research activities

From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).

Documented behaviours

Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal


References

AFEF. 2017. African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ forestelephants.org]
Bakarr M et al. 2001. in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International
BirdLife International. 2018. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: www.birdlife.org
Brugière D, Kormos R. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847
FFI. 2018. Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online: [www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve www.fauna-flora.org]
Ham R. 1998. Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea
METT. 2009. Management Effectiveness Evaluations – Forêt Classée de Ziama. Online: papaco.org
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG. 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: www.protectedplanet.net
UNESCO MAB. 2007. UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 www.unesco.org]
WCF. 2012. Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: www.wildchimps.org


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 11/2018

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