Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

East Africa > Uganda > Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Summary

• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve.
• It has been estimated that 230 individuals from four communities occur in the site.
• The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 147 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
• Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.

Site characteristics

The site is located in the Albertine Rift in western Uganda. Kalinzu Forest Reserve has over 414 tree species including shrubs, several primates, including chimpanzees, blue monkeys, vervet monkeys, baboons, black and white colobus monkeys, more than 380 bird species, as well as hundreds of moth and butterfly species (Uganda Parks n.d.). The reserve is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Maramagambo Forest. It lies at an average altitude of 1,400 m above sea level (Uganda Parks n.d.).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Area	147 km²
Coordinates	-0.416007 S, 30.060209 E
Designation	Forest Reserve
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Encounter rate (nests/km)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	Unknown		2.0-4.7		Kalinzu Forest	Line transects (Distance)	Hashimoto 1995
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	2004		1.67		Kalinzu Forest	Line transects (Distance)	Plumptre & Cox 2006	Survey effort: 311 km

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Quantified severity	Description	Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture		Unknown
3. Energy production & mining		Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
5. Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High	Between May 2005 to June 2006, 1022 snares and 136 live traps were removed (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Ongoing (2007)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance		Unknown
7. Natural system modifications		Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases		Unknown
9. Pollution		Unknown
10. Geological Events		Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather		Unknown
12. Other options		Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development	Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	Not reported
3. Energy production & mining	Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors	Not reported
5. Biological resource use	5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares	A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Ongoing (2007)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance	Not reported
7. Natural system modifications	Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	Not reported
9. Pollution	Not reported
10. Education & Awareness	Not reported
11. Habitat Protection	Not reported
12. Species Management	12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc.	Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Ongoing (2007)
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives	13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	Chimpanzee trekking and other activities are offered at the site (Uganda Parks n.d.).	Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Challenge	Source
Lack of law enforcement	(Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007)

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Behavior	Source
Ant dipping	Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000
Meat eating	Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000

External links

Uganda Parks
National Forestry Authority

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T. & Tashiro, Y. (2000) Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the Kalinzu forest, uganda. Primates 41, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557466
Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10.
Hashimoto, C. (1995) Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates 36, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382870
Plumptre, A. J. and Cox, D. 2006. Counting primates for conser-vation: primate surveys in Uganda. – Primates 47: 65–73.

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:18/12/2021