Difference between revisions of "Virunga National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] > [[Virunga National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''), eastern lowland gorillas (''Gorilla beringei graueri'') and  mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Virunga National Park.
 +
* It has been estimated that 6 eastern lowland gorillas and over 350 mountain gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population is unknown.
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* The mountain gorilla population trend is increasing; the eastern lowland gorilla population is decreasing; the chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 7,900 km².
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* Key threats to great apes are poaching, encroachment, logging and fuelwood collection, and insecurity issues further complicating conservation efforts.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, providing employment opportunities to local communities, tourism, education, and supply of hydroelectric  power to the local population.
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* The national park is the most biologically diverse and the first to be established in the African continent.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Virunga National Park is located in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and comprises the most biologically diverse protected area on the continent (Virunga National Park n.d.). The national park was first established in 1925 as Albert National Park. In 1960, following the country's independence from Belgium, it was renamed Virunga National Park. In 1979 the site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO 2021).The park is unique with its active chain of volcanoes and rich diversity of habitats. Its range contains an amalgamation of steppes, savannas and plains, marshlands, low altitude and afro-montane forest belts to unique afro-alpine vegetation and permanent glaciers and snow on Monts Rwenzori whose peaks reach in 5,000 m height (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63/). The park is home to 218 mammal species, 706 bird species, 109 reptile species and 78 amphibian species (Virunga National Park n.d.). It also serves as refuge to 22 primate species, including mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei''), the eastern lowland or Grauer's gorilla (''Gorilla beringei graueri'') and the eastern chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''). A third of the world's mountain gorilla population is found in the park. The density of biomass of wildlife is one of the highest on the earth Planet (27.6 ton/sq.km). Among the wide diversity of ungulates found at the site, certain rare species are found, such as the okapi (''Okapi johnstoni''), endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the red forest duiker (''Cephalophus rubidus''), endemic to Monts Rwenzori (Virunga National Park n.d.). The site is a Key Biodiversity Area owing to its global importance to the planet’s overall health and wealth in biodiversity (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2020).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|7,900 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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| -0.250721 S, 29.391204 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, savanna, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, permanent freshwater lakes
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The last mountain gorilla census in DRC, Rwanda and Uganda in the Virunga massif was in 2016. The results showed a total of 266 gorillas found on the Congo side. From then until December 2021, the number of gorillas has increased to over 350 individuals (). The chimpanzee population in the park is unknown. Eastern lowland, or Grauer’s gorillas, are extremely rare in the park; only six individuals are being monitored ().
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
 +
! Year
 +
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 +
! Area
 +
! Method
 +
! Source
 +
! Comments
 +
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 +
|2016
 +
|266
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|
 +
|
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|Virunga National Park
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|METHOD
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|SOURCE
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2021
 +
|350
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|
 +
|
 +
|Virunga National Park
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|METHOD
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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Ongoing security issues continue to present challenges for the management of the park, although the number of militia operating in the area has declined over the past few years (UNESCO 2021). Issues of encroachment and deforestation for charcoal production continue to have a severe impact on the integrity of the park; as of 2021, approximately 18.5% of the site is affected by encroachment (UNESCO 2021).
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The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in May 2021 has further complicated the situation and compounded the COVID-19 crisis. Around 234,000 were displaced from the surrounding area, and houses, schools, and health centers were destroyed (https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en/stories/nyiragongo-volcano-eruption-the-aftermath).
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|1.1 Housing & urban areas
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|High
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|
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|New villages built in the park: Kasindi/Lubiriha and Kilorirwe ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|Low
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|
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|Land conversion for agriculture
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|
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|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
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|Low
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|
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|Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056).
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
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|Low
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|
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|Concerns over potential oil exploitation and exploration (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|Different roads across the park are present in Virunga National park, e.g., between Mutwanga- Beni-Karuruma-Kambo-Ishasha-Nyakakoma-Rutshuru-Kanyabayonga ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High
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|
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|Poaching by armed groups (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056). Many poachers are arrested by rangers during patrols in the park. Most of them are sent to the court and are jailed. In addition, many traps and illegal hunting camps are destroyed by rangers during patrols ().
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|High
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|
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|Deforestation for charcoal production
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
 +
|
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|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
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|High
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|
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|Fisherman villages around Lake Edward have increased and occupy many hectares of the park ().
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
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|High
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|
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|Civil unrest stemming from two civil wars and the illegal extraction of natural resources in the park, from which armed groups (e.g., ADF/NALU, FDLR, Mai Mai) continue to make revenue. Over 200 park rangers have been killed in the line of duty (https://virunga.org/alliance/virunga-rangers/).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
 +
|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
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|Low
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|
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|Risk of acquiring human pathogens, particularly respiratory diseases. Respiratory illness is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in habituated mountain gorillas, with outbreaks that occur annually and often cause group-wide morbidity (Gilardi et al. 2021).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
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|Low
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|
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|Trash observed near fishing villages around Lake Edward. In addition, poachers sometimes mix poison with water ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|10.1 Volcanoes
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|Medium
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|
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|The Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira volcanoes are active volcanoes in the park. Chimpanzees residing on the slopes of Nyamuragira were threatened by the eruptions of January 2010. In addition to the impacts of mortality and further habitat loss, the eruptions reduce the chimpanzees’ ability to survive in a region where human development around the volcanoes prevents migration to other areas (Maldonado et al. 2012).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
 +
|
 +
|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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In 2011, the Congolese National Parks Authority, (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, ICCN), and the Virunga Foundation (then known as the Africa Conservation Foundation), entered into a partnership to manage the national park. The Virunga Alliance was then created with the support from the EU. The Virunga Alliance is a development program that aims to end illegal and destructive resource extraction in the region by addressing the direct causes of poverty and conflict. The program was established to create more than 100,000 jobs to draw people out of armed militia groups and into work that fosters peacebuilding. The program is focused on tourism, sustainable energy, and agriculture (https://virunga.org/alliance/). The park is part of the Greater Virunga Landscape (GVL), a transboundary collaboration between DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda to conserve the landscape.
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Four sites have been chosen for monitoring and for tourism: the Mikeno sector, with 226 habituated mountain gorillas; Tshabirimu, with 6 eastern lowland gorillas; Tongo, with 28 chimpanzees, where habituation started in 1991; and Rumangabo, the headquarters of the park, where 18 chimpanzees have been habituated since 2015 and tourists can observe while visiting the station ().
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Four main conservation pillars were established in 2010 with the Virunga Foundation in cooperation with the DRC government to protect the Virunga National Park ():
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1.Conservation: fight against poachers and destruction of the ecosystem of the park. The protection of highly important ecological corridors connecting different sectors of the park through regular ranger patrols is one of the main activities.
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2.Tourism: development of tourism infrastructures.
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3. Protection of Lake Edward against poachers and eviction of all squatters who take young fish.
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4. Hydroelectric power plant construction around Virunga National Park which allows the local communities to develop their economy.
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Other
 +
|An education programme was established for teaching local communities new agricultural techniques ().
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.4. Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat
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|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
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|The park has nearly 700 rangers who patrol the park (https://virunga.org/alliance/virunga-rangers/). Aerial patrols are also conducted. In addition, patrols regulate fishing activities in Lake Edward and evict squatters ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
 +
|
 +
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
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|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|6.2. Build fences to keep humans out
 +
|Construction of fences. Building fences to reduce the movement of animals from the park and stop human  encroachment and poachers
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|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
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|Tourists and staff wear surgical masks in the presence of the gorillas (https://visit.virunga.org/treks/mountain-gorilla-trek/).
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
 +
|
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|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
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|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|
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|8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals
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|
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|10. Education & Awareness
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|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
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|Education programme teaching local communities the importance of the park (COCO) ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
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|
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|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
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|Virunga Foundation recruits members of the local community (HUGO), who receive a stipend for patrolling and gathering data ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
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|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
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|The site is designated as a national park.
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|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
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|12. Species Management
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|12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc.
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|Treks led by Virunga rangers and local pisteurs, who monitor ten habituated gorilla groups every day (https://visit.virunga.org/treks/mountain-gorilla-trek/).
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|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
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|The Senkwekwe Center was opened in 2010 in the park's headquarters to take care of orphaned gorillas (https://virunga.org/wildlife/primates/mountain-gorillas/gorilla-orphans/)
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|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
 +
|Create employees for local communities; supply the local communities with credits to help them improve their businesses; support farmers; provide employment to local youth and to widows of rangers ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|-
 +
|
 +
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Hydroelectric power is supplied from 4 stations around the park ().
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|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|The park is open to tourists and offers gorilla trekking, hiking and safaris.
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
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The main challenges to ape conservation at the park include lack of security due to different rebel groups in the region. In 1986 when Uganda rebels ADF/NALU crossed into DRC and remained in the park around the Rwenzori massif (North sector), where many chimpanzees were present. In 1994 millions of refugees and defeated militaries crossed the border and settled around the Mikeno Sector, home to mountain gorillas. Since then, rebels continue to kill animals, rangers, cut trees for commercial charcoal, kidnap local people, and are involved in other criminal activities ().
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
 +
|Civil unrest
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
In 1990, the habituation of gorillas and chimpanzees was established in Virunga National Park.
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Virunga National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
https://virunga.org/
 +
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63/
 +
https://greatervirunga.org/
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
Gilardi, K., Nziza, J., Ssebide, B., Syaluha, E. K., Muvunyi, R., Aruho, R., ... & Masozera, A. B. (2021). Endangered mountain gorillas and COVID‐19: One health lesson for prevention and preparedness during a global pandemic. American Journal of Primatology, e23291.<br>
 +
Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.<br>
 +
Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2020) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership: BirdLife International, IUCN, American Bird Conservancy, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation Society. Downloaded from http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/ on 12/12/2021. <br>
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<br>
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'''Page completed by: ''' ''' Date:''' 04/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 12:30, 4 January 2022

Central Africa > Democratic Republic of Congo > Virunga National Park

Summary

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) and mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Virunga National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 6 eastern lowland gorillas and over 350 mountain gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population is unknown.
  • The mountain gorilla population trend is increasing; the eastern lowland gorilla population is decreasing; the chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 7,900 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are poaching, encroachment, logging and fuelwood collection, and insecurity issues further complicating conservation efforts.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, providing employment opportunities to local communities, tourism, education, and supply of hydroelectric power to the local population.
  • The national park is the most biologically diverse and the first to be established in the African continent.

Site characteristics

Virunga National Park is located in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and comprises the most biologically diverse protected area on the continent (Virunga National Park n.d.). The national park was first established in 1925 as Albert National Park. In 1960, following the country's independence from Belgium, it was renamed Virunga National Park. In 1979 the site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO 2021).The park is unique with its active chain of volcanoes and rich diversity of habitats. Its range contains an amalgamation of steppes, savannas and plains, marshlands, low altitude and afro-montane forest belts to unique afro-alpine vegetation and permanent glaciers and snow on Monts Rwenzori whose peaks reach in 5,000 m height (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63/). The park is home to 218 mammal species, 706 bird species, 109 reptile species and 78 amphibian species (Virunga National Park n.d.). It also serves as refuge to 22 primate species, including mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), the eastern lowland or Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and the eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). A third of the world's mountain gorilla population is found in the park. The density of biomass of wildlife is one of the highest on the earth Planet (27.6 ton/sq.km). Among the wide diversity of ungulates found at the site, certain rare species are found, such as the okapi (Okapi johnstoni), endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the red forest duiker (Cephalophus rubidus), endemic to Monts Rwenzori (Virunga National Park n.d.). The site is a Key Biodiversity Area owing to its global importance to the planet’s overall health and wealth in biodiversity (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2020).


Table 1. Basic site information for Virunga National Park

Area 7,900 km²
Coordinates -0.250721 S, 29.391204 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, savanna, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands, permanent freshwater lakes

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The last mountain gorilla census in DRC, Rwanda and Uganda in the Virunga massif was in 2016. The results showed a total of 266 gorillas found on the Congo side. From then until December 2021, the number of gorillas has increased to over 350 individuals (). The chimpanzee population in the park is unknown. Eastern lowland, or Grauer’s gorillas, are extremely rare in the park; only six individuals are being monitored ().

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Virunga National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 2016 266 Virunga National Park METHOD SOURCE
Gorilla beringei beringei 2021 350 Virunga National Park METHOD SOURCE

Threats

Ongoing security issues continue to present challenges for the management of the park, although the number of militia operating in the area has declined over the past few years (UNESCO 2021). Issues of encroachment and deforestation for charcoal production continue to have a severe impact on the integrity of the park; as of 2021, approximately 18.5% of the site is affected by encroachment (UNESCO 2021). The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in May 2021 has further complicated the situation and compounded the COVID-19 crisis. Around 234,000 were displaced from the surrounding area, and houses, schools, and health centers were destroyed (https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en/stories/nyiragongo-volcano-eruption-the-aftermath).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Virunga National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas High New villages built in the park: Kasindi/Lubiriha and Kilorirwe (). Ongoing (2022)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Low Land conversion for agriculture Ongoing (2021)
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Low Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056). Ongoing (2021)
3. Energy production & mining 3.1 Oil & gas drilling Low Concerns over potential oil exploitation and exploration (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056). Ongoing (2021)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity unknown Different roads across the park are present in Virunga National park, e.g., between Mutwanga- Beni-Karuruma-Kambo-Ishasha-Nyakakoma-Rutshuru-Kanyabayonga (). Ongoing (2022)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Poaching by armed groups (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4056). Many poachers are arrested by rangers during patrols in the park. Most of them are sent to the court and are jailed. In addition, many traps and illegal hunting camps are destroyed by rangers during patrols (). Ongoing (2021)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Deforestation for charcoal production Ongoing (2021)
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources High Fisherman villages around Lake Edward have increased and occupy many hectares of the park (). Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises High Civil unrest stemming from two civil wars and the illegal extraction of natural resources in the park, from which armed groups (e.g., ADF/NALU, FDLR, Mai Mai) continue to make revenue. Over 200 park rangers have been killed in the line of duty (https://virunga.org/alliance/virunga-rangers/). Ongoing (2021)
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases Low Risk of acquiring human pathogens, particularly respiratory diseases. Respiratory illness is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in habituated mountain gorillas, with outbreaks that occur annually and often cause group-wide morbidity (Gilardi et al. 2021). Ongoing (2021)
9. Pollution 9.4 Garbage & solid waste Low Trash observed near fishing villages around Lake Edward. In addition, poachers sometimes mix poison with water (). Ongoing (2022)
10. Geological Events 10.1 Volcanoes Medium The Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira volcanoes are active volcanoes in the park. Chimpanzees residing on the slopes of Nyamuragira were threatened by the eruptions of January 2010. In addition to the impacts of mortality and further habitat loss, the eruptions reduce the chimpanzees’ ability to survive in a region where human development around the volcanoes prevents migration to other areas (Maldonado et al. 2012). Ongoing (2021)
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

In 2011, the Congolese National Parks Authority, (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, ICCN), and the Virunga Foundation (then known as the Africa Conservation Foundation), entered into a partnership to manage the national park. The Virunga Alliance was then created with the support from the EU. The Virunga Alliance is a development program that aims to end illegal and destructive resource extraction in the region by addressing the direct causes of poverty and conflict. The program was established to create more than 100,000 jobs to draw people out of armed militia groups and into work that fosters peacebuilding. The program is focused on tourism, sustainable energy, and agriculture (https://virunga.org/alliance/). The park is part of the Greater Virunga Landscape (GVL), a transboundary collaboration between DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda to conserve the landscape. Four sites have been chosen for monitoring and for tourism: the Mikeno sector, with 226 habituated mountain gorillas; Tshabirimu, with 6 eastern lowland gorillas; Tongo, with 28 chimpanzees, where habituation started in 1991; and Rumangabo, the headquarters of the park, where 18 chimpanzees have been habituated since 2015 and tourists can observe while visiting the station (). Four main conservation pillars were established in 2010 with the Virunga Foundation in cooperation with the DRC government to protect the Virunga National Park (): 1.Conservation: fight against poachers and destruction of the ecosystem of the park. The protection of highly important ecological corridors connecting different sectors of the park through regular ranger patrols is one of the main activities. 2.Tourism: development of tourism infrastructures. 3. Protection of Lake Edward against poachers and eviction of all squatters who take young fish. 4. Hydroelectric power plant construction around Virunga National Park which allows the local communities to develop their economy.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Virunga National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Other An education programme was established for teaching local communities new agricultural techniques (). Ongoing (2022)
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.4. Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat Ongoing (2022)
5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols The park has nearly 700 rangers who patrol the park (https://virunga.org/alliance/virunga-rangers/). Aerial patrols are also conducted. In addition, patrols regulate fishing activities in Lake Edward and evict squatters (). Ongoing (2022)
5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Ongoing (2022)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.2. Build fences to keep humans out Construction of fences. Building fences to reduce the movement of animals from the park and stop human encroachment and poachers Ongoing (2022)
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates Tourists and staff wear surgical masks in the presence of the gorillas (https://visit.virunga.org/treks/mountain-gorilla-trek/). Ongoing (2022)
8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals Ongoing (2022)
8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals Ongoing (2022)
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Education programme teaching local communities the importance of the park (COCO) (). Ongoing (2022)
10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management Virunga Foundation recruits members of the local community (HUGO), who receive a stipend for patrolling and gathering data (). Ongoing (2022)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is designated as a national park. Ongoing (2022)
12. Species Management 12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc. Treks led by Virunga rangers and local pisteurs, who monitor ten habituated gorilla groups every day (https://visit.virunga.org/treks/mountain-gorilla-trek/). Ongoing (2021)
12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates The Senkwekwe Center was opened in 2010 in the park's headquarters to take care of orphaned gorillas (https://virunga.org/wildlife/primates/mountain-gorillas/gorilla-orphans/) Ongoing (2021)
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment) Create employees for local communities; supply the local communities with credits to help them improve their businesses; support farmers; provide employment to local youth and to widows of rangers (). Ongoing (2022)
13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) Hydroelectric power is supplied from 4 stations around the park (). Ongoing (2022)
13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site The park is open to tourists and offers gorilla trekking, hiking and safaris. Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The main challenges to ape conservation at the park include lack of security due to different rebel groups in the region. In 1986 when Uganda rebels ADF/NALU crossed into DRC and remained in the park around the Rwenzori massif (North sector), where many chimpanzees were present. In 1994 millions of refugees and defeated militaries crossed the border and settled around the Mikeno Sector, home to mountain gorillas. Since then, rebels continue to kill animals, rangers, cut trees for commercial charcoal, kidnap local people, and are involved in other criminal activities ().

Table 5. Challenges reported for Virunga National Park

Challenge Source
Civil unrest

Research activities

In 1990, the habituation of gorillas and chimpanzees was established in Virunga National Park.

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Virunga National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

https://virunga.org/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63/ https://greatervirunga.org/

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Gilardi, K., Nziza, J., Ssebide, B., Syaluha, E. K., Muvunyi, R., Aruho, R., ... & Masozera, A. B. (2021). Endangered mountain gorillas and COVID‐19: One health lesson for prevention and preparedness during a global pandemic. American Journal of Primatology, e23291.
Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.
Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2020) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership: BirdLife International, IUCN, American Bird Conservancy, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation Society. Downloaded from http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/ on 12/12/2021.


Page completed by: Date: 04/01/2022

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