Threats

The list is based on the IUCN Threats Classification Scheme Version 3.3:

1 Residential & commercial development
1.1 Residential areas
1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
2 Agriculture & aquaculture
2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
2.1.2 Small-holder farming
2.1.3 Industrial farming
2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
3 Energy production & mining
3.1 Oil & gas drilling
3.2 Mining & quarrying
3.2.1 Industrial mining
3.2.3 Artisanal mining
3.3 Renewable energy
4 Transportation & service corridors
4.1 Roads & railroads
4.2 Utility & service lines
5 Biological resource use
5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
5.1.2 Unintentional effects
5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
5.3.1 Subsistence logging
5.3.2 Commercial logging
6 Human intrusions & disturbance
6.1 Recreational activities
6.2 Conflict, civil unrest & security activities
6.3 Other human disturbances
7 Natural system modifications
7.1 Fire & fire suppression
7.2 Dams & water management/use
7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
8.2 Problematic native species
8.3 Introduced genetic material
8.4 Pathogens
9 Pollution
9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
9.2 Industrial & military effluents
9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
9.4 Garbage & solid waste
9.5 Air-borne pollutants
9.6 Energy emissions
10 Geological events
10.1 Volcanoes
10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamis
10.3 Avalanches/landslides
11 Climate change & severe weather
11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
11.2 Droughts
11.3 Temperature extremes
11.4 Storms & flooding
12.1 Other threat