Difference between revisions of "Sapo National Park"

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[[File: Map_LBR_Sapo_NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Sapo National Park (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo National Park]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo National Park]]
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
 
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sapo National Park.
 
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sapo National Park.
 
* It has been estimated that 1,055 (CI: 595-1,870) individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 1,055 (CI: 595-1,870) individuals occur in the site.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
−
Located in southeastern Liberia, Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area and represents one of the most intact forest ecosystems of the country (Tweh et al. 2018). The area of the park was extended from 1,304 km² to 1,804 km² in 2003 (Tweh et al. 2018). The park forms part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem, and contains high levels of biodiversity (N'Goran et al. 2010). The park is a low elevation tropical humid rainforest. Elevation in the southeastern area is approximately 100 m with gently rolling hills while in the north, the elevation is approximately 400 m in the north with steep ridges (Peal & Kranz 1990). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other endangered and vulnerable species inhabit the site, including forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', N'Goran 2010).  
+
Located in southeastern Liberia, Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area and represents one of the most intact forest ecosystems of the country (Tweh et al. 2018). The area of the park was extended from 1,304 km² to 1,804 km² in 2003 (Tweh et al. 2018). The park forms part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem, and contains high levels of biodiversity (N'Goran et al. 2010). The park is a low elevation tropical humid rainforest. Elevation in the southeastern area is approximately 100m with gently rolling hills while in the north, the elevation is approximately 400m in the north with steep ridges (Peal & Kranz 1990). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other endangered and vulnerable species inhabit the site, including forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', N'Goran 2010).  
 +
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Species
+
| Area:            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
−
|-
 
−
| Area
 
 
|1804 km²
 
|1804 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Coordinates
+
|Coordinates           <!-- coords    -->
 
|5.378432, -8.496117
 
|5.378432, -8.496117
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Type of site
+
|Designation:      <!-- Protected area, Forestry concession, Community reserve  -->
−
|Protected area (National Park)
+
|National park
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Governance type
+
|Habitat types:    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
−
|Governance by government
 
−
|-
 
−
|Habitat type
 
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland  
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland  
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
+
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
 
A survey in 1982 (one year before the establishment of the park), confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the Sapo forest (Anderson et al. 1983). Based on the estimates from two surveys, one in 2009 (N'Goran et al. 2010) and a second one in 2017 (Tweh et al. 2018), the chimpanzee population in the park has remained relatively stable, with an estimated abundance of approximately 1,055 individuals.  
 
A survey in 1982 (one year before the establishment of the park), confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the Sapo forest (Anderson et al. 1983). Based on the estimates from two surveys, one in 2009 (N'Goran et al. 2010) and a second one in 2017 (Tweh et al. 2018), the chimpanzee population in the park has remained relatively stable, with an estimated abundance of approximately 1,055 individuals.  
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Sapo National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Sapo National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Occurrence
 
−
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 
−
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
 
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Survey area
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Sampling method
+
! Encounter rate
−
! Analytical framework
+
! Area
 +
! Method
 
! Source
 
! Source
 
! Comments
 
! Comments
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
|Western chimpanzee
 
|1983
 
|1983
−
|Present
 
 
|
 
|
 
|0.24
 
|0.24
−
|
+
|Present
−
|Southeastern sector (50 km²)
+
|Southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)
−
|Line transects
+
|Line transects (Distance)
−
|
 
 
|Anderson et al. 1983
 
|Anderson et al. 1983
 
|Total survey effort: 42.7 km
 
|Total survey effort: 42.7 km
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
|Western chimpanzee
 
|2002
 
|2002
−
|Present
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Present
 
|Sapo National Park
 
|Sapo National Park
−
|Line transects
+
|Line transects (Distance)
−
|
 
 
|Waitkuwait 2003
 
|Waitkuwait 2003
 
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
 
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
|Western chimpanzee
 
|2007-2009
 
|2007-2009
−
|Present
 
−
|0.27
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Sapo National Park, excluding southeast area
+
|0.27
−
|Line transects
+
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
−
|
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Vogt 2011
 
|Vogt 2011
 
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
 
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
|Western chimpanzee
 
|2009
 
|2009
−
|Present
+
|1079 (CI: 713-1633)
 +
|0.86
 
|4.05
 
|4.05
−
|0.86
 
−
|1079 (713-1633)
 
 
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
 
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
−
|Line transects
+
|Line transects (Distance)
−
|
 
 
|N'Goran et al. 2010
 
|N'Goran et al. 2010
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
+
|Western chimpanzee
 
|2016-2017
 
|2016-2017
−
|Present
+
|1055 (CI: 595-1870)
−
|
 
 
|0.83  
 
|0.83  
−
|1055 (595-1870)
 
−
|Sapo National Park, excluding southeast area
 
−
|Line transects
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
 +
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tweh et al. 2018
 
|Tweh et al. 2018
 
|Total survey effort: 38.38 km
 
|Total survey effort: 38.38 km
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
 
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
Sapo National Park has been primarily threatened by illegal hunting and mining (Tweh et al. 2018; Greengrass 2015; N'Goran et al. 2010). An estimated 18,000 illegal miners were inhabiting the park in 2010, the majority of which was evicted by the government in the same year (Vogt 2011). A survey of two commercial hunting camps bordering the park revealed high hunting pressure in the area, and the majority of bushmeat harvested was destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). The carcasses documented during this survey included chimpanzees as well as other endangered and vulnerable species, such as the red colobus monkey, Diana monkey, and pygmy hippopotamus. Furthermore, the development of the road network around the park is expected to increase hunting pressure and facilitate the bushmeat trade (Greengrass 2015), as well as other illegal activities in the park.
+
Sapo National Park has been primarily threatened by illegal hunting and mining (Tweh et al. 2018; Greengrass 2015; N'Goran et al. 2010). An estimated 18,000 illegal miners were inhabiting the park in 2010, the majority of which was evicted by the government on the same year (Vogt 2011). A survey of two commercial hunting camps bordering the park revealed high hunting pressure in the area, and the majority of bushmeat harvested was destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). The carcasses documented during this survey included chimpanzees as well as other endangered and vulnerable species, such as the red colobus monkey, Diana monkey, and pygmy hippopotamus. Furthermore, the development of the road network around the park is expected to increase hunting pressure and facilitate the bushmeat trade (Greengrass 2015), as well as other illegal activities in the park.
  
 
<div><ul>
 
<div><ul>
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</ul></div>
 
</ul></div>
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Sapo National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sapo National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
−
!Specific threats
+
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
−
!Threat level
+
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
−
!Description
+
!Quantified severity
 +
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Year of threat
 
!Year of threat
 
|-
 
|-
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|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|High  
 
|High  
−
|Illegal settlement of miners; 18,000 settlers in 2010 (Vogt 2011).
+
|18,000 settlers in 2010
 +
|Illegal settlement of miners (Vogt 2011)  
 
|2010
 
|2010
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops  
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops  
−
|Present (severity unknown)
+
|Present
 +
|
 
|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010)
 
|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010)
−
|2010-Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3.2.3 Artisanal mining
 
|3.2.3 Artisanal mining
 
|High  
 
|High  
−
|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junker personal. comm. 2019).
+
|
−
|2010-Ongoing (2019)
+
|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019)
 +
|Ongoing ( 2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads  
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads  
−
|Present (severity unknown)
+
|Present  
−
|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015).
+
|
−
|2015-Ongoing (2023)
+
|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High  
−
|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018).
+
|Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018)
−
|2010-Ongoing (2023)
+
|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2010, 2015, 2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises  
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises  
 
|High  
 
|High  
 +
|
 
|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011)  
 
|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011)  
 
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
 
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
−
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
 
The Forestry Development Authority of Liberia is responsible for the sustainable management of the forest sector and the protection of all natural resources. It runs the Sapo National Park in collaboration with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF).  Main activities at the national park level include anti-poaching, conservation education awareness, and bio-monitoring & scientific research. As of 2019, the main activities in the research area have been camera trappings (2019,2020, 2021) by FFI and FDA in the entire national park. eDNA (focusing on Pygmy hippopotamus) was conducted in 2022. The national park forms part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, which is a conservation priority in West Africa. Conservation efforts in Sapo National Park have mainly focused on law enforcement, conservation awareness, and bio-monitoring. The WCF has supported Community Watch Teams (CWT), which comprise members from surrounding communities, and regularly patrol and support FDA rangers (WCF 2019). CWTs have played an important role in the eviction of illegal miners from the national park (WCF 2019). In 2012, Fauna & Flora International established a long-term bio-monitoring program to follow the population trends for chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses, elephants, as well as duikers, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Tweh et al. 2018). Together with Liberia's Forestry Development Authority, permanent transects are surveyed twice a year as part of this long-term bio-monitoring program (Tweh et al. 2018).
 
The Forestry Development Authority of Liberia is responsible for the sustainable management of the forest sector and the protection of all natural resources. It runs the Sapo National Park in collaboration with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF).  Main activities at the national park level include anti-poaching, conservation education awareness, and bio-monitoring & scientific research. As of 2019, the main activities in the research area have been camera trappings (2019,2020, 2021) by FFI and FDA in the entire national park. eDNA (focusing on Pygmy hippopotamus) was conducted in 2022. The national park forms part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, which is a conservation priority in West Africa. Conservation efforts in Sapo National Park have mainly focused on law enforcement, conservation awareness, and bio-monitoring. The WCF has supported Community Watch Teams (CWT), which comprise members from surrounding communities, and regularly patrol and support FDA rangers (WCF 2019). CWTs have played an important role in the eviction of illegal miners from the national park (WCF 2019). In 2012, Fauna & Flora International established a long-term bio-monitoring program to follow the population trends for chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses, elephants, as well as duikers, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Tweh et al. 2018). Together with Liberia's Forestry Development Authority, permanent transects are surveyed twice a year as part of this long-term bio-monitoring program (Tweh et al. 2018).
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo National Park'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
−
!Specific activity
+
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
−
!Description  
+
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Implementing organization
+
!Year of activity         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of activity
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Development impact mitigation
+
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
+
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|Not reported
−
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019).
+
|
−
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
 
−
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 
−
|Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019).
 
−
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
 
−
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
 
−
|Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018)
 
 
|
 
|
−
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Species health
+
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Education & awareness
+
|5. Biological resource use
−
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018).
+
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|2018-Ongoing (2023)
+
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 +
|Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
−
|The area is designated as a National Park.
 
 
|
 
|
−
|1983-Ongoing (2023)
+
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
 +
|Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location
+
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location  
−
|Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011).
+
|Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011)
−
|
 
 
|2010
 
|2010
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Species management
+
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Permanent presence
+
|9. Pollution
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|}
+
|10. Education & Awareness
−
[[Conservation activities]]
+
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−
 
+
|As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018)
−
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
|Ongoing (2018)
−
 
 
−
The influx of local community dwellers inside the national park is hampering the SNP management to implement the protection of chimpanzees. Low manpower for conducting anti-poaching patrols in and outside the park has put chimpanzees under serious threat.
 
−
Very high illiteracy among the rangers thus making it difficult to collect data, process court procedures, and conduct conservation education awareness to local community people.
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo National Park'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
−
!Challenge
 
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
+
|The area is designated as National Park (N’Goran et al. 2010)
−
|Unknown
+
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|12. Species Management
−
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 
−
|Waitkuwait 2003
 
−
|Unknown
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Resources & capacity
 
−
|2.2 Lack of staff
 
−
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
 
−
|Unknown
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Engaged community
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
 
−
|Unknown
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
Line 356: Line 315:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Challenges]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 +
 
 +
The influx of local community dwellers inside the national park is hampering the SNP management to implement the protection of chimpanzees. Low manpower for conducting anti-poaching patrols in and outside the park has put chimpanzees under serious threat.
 +
Very high illiteracy among the rangers thus making it difficult to collect data, process court procedures, and conduct conservation education awareness to local community people.
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sapo National Park'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
!Enabler
+
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
|Not reported
+
|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Lack of technical means
−
|Not reported
+
|Tweh et al. 2018
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|Lack of logistical means
−
|Not reported
+
|Waitkuwait 2003
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
+
|Conflict on land tenure
−
|Not reported
+
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Enablers]]
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Line 404: Line 348:
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Sapo National Park'''
+
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sapo National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
!Source
+
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Nut cracking
 
|Nut cracking
 
|Anderson et al. 1983
 
|Anderson et al. 1983
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
−
 
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 
−
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
−
 
−
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sapo National Park'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''1981-2010'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
−
|25.9
 
−
|26.9
 
−
|26.8
 
−
|26.9
 
−
|28
 
−
|-
 
−
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 
−
|2893
 
−
|2882
 
−
|3001
 
−
|2921
 
−
|2958
 
−
|-
 
−
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 
−
|17.5
 
−
|21
 
−
|16.9
 
−
|20.4
 
−
|19.1
 
−
|-
 
−
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 
−
|5.9
 
−
|12.5
 
−
|14.3
 
−
|14.1
 
−
|15.6
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
−
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Sapo National Park'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Crop failure
 
−
|2
 
−
|0.04
 
−
|1
 
−
|0.04
 
−
|1
 
−
|0.04
 
−
|6
 
−
|0.04
 
−
|-
 
−
|Drought
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Heatwave
 
−
|13
 
−
|100
 
−
|10.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|17.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|15
 
−
|100
 
−
|-
 
−
|River flood
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|1
 
−
|4.2
 
−
|0.5
 
−
|0.92
 
−
|0.5
 
−
|0.08
 
−
|-
 
−
|Tropical cyclone
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|1
 
−
|1.36
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0.5
 
−
|1
 
−
|-
 
−
|Wildfire
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.44
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.38
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.46
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.41
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
 
−
<div><ul>
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly Sapo NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Sapo National Park]] </li>
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly Sapo NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Sapo National Park]] </li>
 
−
</ul></div>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
−
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
 
 
Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp.  <br>
 
Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp.  <br>
 
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.  <br>
 
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.  <br>
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Central Africa. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union.
 
Central Africa. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union.
  
−
<br>
+
 
 
'''Page completed by:''' Ben Tally & A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/01/23  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by:''' Ben Tally & A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/01/23  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 +
<br><br>

Revision as of 02:53, 22 July 2024

West Africa > Liberia > Sapo National Park

Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Sapo National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 1,055 (CI: 595-1,870) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • The park has a total size of 1,804 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and illegal mining.
  • Conservation activities have focused on long-term bio-monitoring and law enforcement.
  • Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area, established in 1983.

Site characteristics

Located in southeastern Liberia, Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area and represents one of the most intact forest ecosystems of the country (Tweh et al. 2018). The area of the park was extended from 1,304 km² to 1,804 km² in 2003 (Tweh et al. 2018). The park forms part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem, and contains high levels of biodiversity (N'Goran et al. 2010). The park is a low elevation tropical humid rainforest. Elevation in the southeastern area is approximately 100m with gently rolling hills while in the north, the elevation is approximately 400m in the north with steep ridges (Peal & Kranz 1990). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other endangered and vulnerable species inhabit the site, including forest elephants (Loxodonta africana), pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), and Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana diana, N'Goran 2010).


Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo National Park

Area: 1804 km²
Coordinates 5.378432, -8.496117
Designation: National park
Habitat types: Subtropical/tropical moist lowland

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

A survey in 1982 (one year before the establishment of the park), confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the Sapo forest (Anderson et al. 1983). Based on the estimates from two surveys, one in 2009 (N'Goran et al. 2010) and a second one in 2017 (Tweh et al. 2018), the chimpanzee population in the park has remained relatively stable, with an estimated abundance of approximately 1,055 individuals.

Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Sapo National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Western chimpanzee 1983 0.24 Present Southeastern sector of the park (50 km²) Line transects (Distance) Anderson et al. 1983 Total survey effort: 42.7 km
Western chimpanzee 2002 Present Sapo National Park Line transects (Distance) Waitkuwait 2003 Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
Western chimpanzee 2007-2009 0.27 Sapo National Park, excluding south east area Line transects (Distance) Vogt 2011 Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
Western chimpanzee 2009 1079 (CI: 713-1633) 0.86 4.05 Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2010
Western chimpanzee 2016-2017 1055 (CI: 595-1870) 0.83 Sapo National Park, excluding south east area Line transects (Distance) Tweh et al. 2018 Total survey effort: 38.38 km

Threats

Sapo National Park has been primarily threatened by illegal hunting and mining (Tweh et al. 2018; Greengrass 2015; N'Goran et al. 2010). An estimated 18,000 illegal miners were inhabiting the park in 2010, the majority of which was evicted by the government on the same year (Vogt 2011). A survey of two commercial hunting camps bordering the park revealed high hunting pressure in the area, and the majority of bushmeat harvested was destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). The carcasses documented during this survey included chimpanzees as well as other endangered and vulnerable species, such as the red colobus monkey, Diana monkey, and pygmy hippopotamus. Furthermore, the development of the road network around the park is expected to increase hunting pressure and facilitate the bushmeat trade (Greengrass 2015), as well as other illegal activities in the park.

  • Illegal mining activity in Sapo © Ben Tally
  • Mining camp © Ben Tally
  • Illegal mining © Ben Tally
  • Illegal mining © Ben Tally

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sapo National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas High 18,000 settlers in 2010 Illegal settlement of miners (Vogt 2011) 2010
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2.3 Artisanal mining High Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019) Ongoing ( 2019)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015) Ongoing (2015)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018) Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015) Ongoing (2010, 2015, 2018)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises High Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011) 1989-1996, 1999-2003
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Forestry Development Authority of Liberia is responsible for the sustainable management of the forest sector and the protection of all natural resources. It runs the Sapo National Park in collaboration with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Main activities at the national park level include anti-poaching, conservation education awareness, and bio-monitoring & scientific research. As of 2019, the main activities in the research area have been camera trappings (2019,2020, 2021) by FFI and FDA in the entire national park. eDNA (focusing on Pygmy hippopotamus) was conducted in 2022. The national park forms part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, which is a conservation priority in West Africa. Conservation efforts in Sapo National Park have mainly focused on law enforcement, conservation awareness, and bio-monitoring. The WCF has supported Community Watch Teams (CWT), which comprise members from surrounding communities, and regularly patrol and support FDA rangers (WCF 2019). CWTs have played an important role in the eviction of illegal miners from the national park (WCF 2019). In 2012, Fauna & Flora International established a long-term bio-monitoring program to follow the population trends for chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses, elephants, as well as duikers, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Tweh et al. 2018). Together with Liberia's Forestry Development Authority, permanent transects are surveyed twice a year as part of this long-term bio-monitoring program (Tweh et al. 2018).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018) Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011) 2010
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018) Ongoing (2018)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The area is designated as National Park (N’Goran et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The influx of local community dwellers inside the national park is hampering the SNP management to implement the protection of chimpanzees. Low manpower for conducting anti-poaching patrols in and outside the park has put chimpanzees under serious threat. Very high illiteracy among the rangers thus making it difficult to collect data, process court procedures, and conduct conservation education awareness to local community people.


Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo National Park

Challenge Source
Lack of law enforcement Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
Lack of technical means Tweh et al. 2018
Lack of logistical means Waitkuwait 2003
Conflict on land tenure Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022

Research activities

Several surveys have been done in the park to monitor the chimpanzee population (e.g., N'Goran et al. 2010, Tweh et al. 2018), assess the impacts of conservation interventions (Tweh et al. 2018), investigate the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees in the park (Anderson et al. 1983), and investigate the impact of hunting pressure in the area (Greengrass 2015).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sapo National Park

Behavior Source
Nut cracking Anderson et al. 1983


References

Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp.
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
Anderson, R., Williamson, E.A., and Carter, J. 1983. Chimpanzees of Sapo Forest, Liberia: density, nests, tools and meat-eating. PRIMAaXS, 24(4): 594-601.
Waitkuwait, W.E. 2003. Report on the First Year of Operation of a Community-based Bio-monitoring Programme in and around Sapo National Park, Sinoe County, Liberia. Report. Fauna and Flora International.
Vogt, M. 2011. Results of Sapo National Park Bio-Monitoring Programme 2007-2009. Report. Fauna & Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia.
Greengrass, E. 2015. Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in Sapo National Park. Oryx 50(3), 397–404.
Collen, B., Howard, B., Konie, J., Daniel, O., and Rist, J. 2011. Field surveys for the endangered pygmy hippopotamus Choerpsis liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Oryx, 45(1), 35–37.
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018. Peal, A. L., & Kranz, K. R. (1990). Antelopes: GLobal Survey and Regional Action Plans, Part 3. West and Central Africa. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union.


Page completed by: Ben Tally & A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 23/01/23

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