Difference between revisions of "Bia National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia National Park]]
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_GHA_BiaNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Bia National Park (Ghana) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bia_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bia_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bia_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bia_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bia_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia National Park]]
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__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|6.48, -3.08~[[Bia National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Bia National Park.
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* The population size is unknown.
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|6.48, -3.08~[[Bia National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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}}
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* This site has a total size of 78 km².
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</div>
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Bia National Park.  
 
−
* The population size is unknown.  
 
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
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* This site has a total size of 78 km².  
 
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.  
 
 
* Conservation activities at the site focus on law enforcement.
 
* Conservation activities at the site focus on law enforcement.
 
* The site is a UNESCO Biospshere Reserve.
 
* The site is a UNESCO Biospshere Reserve.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
The site is located in southwestern Ghana, nearing the border with Côte d’Ivoire. The Bia Resource Reserve (228 km²) lies to the south of the national park (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Together, the national park and the resource reserve form a contiguous forest block that was originally established as a national park in 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). However, the area now comprising the resource reserve was de-gazetted in 1977 and selectively logged for several years (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). In 1983, Bia National Park was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). Sixty-two mammal species have been recorded in the site, including 10 primate species (e.g., red colobus ''Procolobus badius'', black and white colobus ''Colobus vellerosus'', and olive colobus, ''Procolobus verus'') (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019, Danquah et al. 2012). Forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') and bongos (''Tragelaphus euryceros'') are also present (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019).
 
The site is located in southwestern Ghana, nearing the border with Côte d’Ivoire. The Bia Resource Reserve (228 km²) lies to the south of the national park (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Together, the national park and the resource reserve form a contiguous forest block that was originally established as a national park in 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). However, the area now comprising the resource reserve was de-gazetted in 1977 and selectively logged for several years (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). In 1983, Bia National Park was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). Sixty-two mammal species have been recorded in the site, including 10 primate species (e.g., red colobus ''Procolobus badius'', black and white colobus ''Colobus vellerosus'', and olive colobus, ''Procolobus verus'') (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019, Danquah et al. 2012). Forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') and bongos (''Tragelaphus euryceros'') are also present (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|78 km²
 
|78 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coordinates
+
|Coordinates
−
|6.48, -3.08
+
|Lat: 6.48 , Lon:  -3.08
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
−
|National Park
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The presence of chimpanzees in Ghana is restricted to the forests in the southwestern part of the country (Kormos et al. 2003). Chimpanzees are thought to be present in Bia National Park, but the most recent survey only found traces of chimpanzees in the Bia Resource Reserve (Danquah et al. 2012). As part of the PanAf data collection, a survey was conducted at the site, but chimpanzee abundance and density are not published (PanAf 2019).
 
The presence of chimpanzees in Ghana is restricted to the forests in the southwestern part of the country (Kormos et al. 2003). Chimpanzees are thought to be present in Bia National Park, but the most recent survey only found traces of chimpanzees in the Bia Resource Reserve (Danquah et al. 2012). As part of the PanAf data collection, a survey was conducted at the site, but chimpanzee abundance and density are not published (PanAf 2019).
  
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'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Bia National Park'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bia National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 70: Line 65:
 
|0.0028
 
|0.0028
 
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
 
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
−
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
+
|Line transects & recces
 
|Gatti 2010
 
|Gatti 2010
 
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 1411.26 km
 
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 1411.26 km
Line 81: Line 76:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
 
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|Danquah et al. 2012
 
|Danquah et al. 2012
 
|Presence confirmed in the sourthern part of the resource reserve
 
|Presence confirmed in the sourthern part of the resource reserve
Line 92: Line 87:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Bia National Park
 
|Bia National Park
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|PanAf 2019
 
|PanAf 2019
 
|Abundance estimate was not published
 
|Abundance estimate was not published
Line 98: Line 93:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
 
Illegal logging until the late 90s caused severe degradation at the site, and the construction of logging trails and roads facilitated human access into the area (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Uncontrolled hunting has been a big problem at Bia National Park and surrounding areas; the park faces a lot of human pressure, as it is completely surrounded by farmland (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011, Danquah et al. 2012).
 
Illegal logging until the late 90s caused severe degradation at the site, and the construction of logging trails and roads facilitated human access into the area (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Uncontrolled hunting has been a big problem at Bia National Park and surrounding areas; the park faces a lot of human pressure, as it is completely surrounded by farmland (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011, Danquah et al. 2012).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Bia National Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bia National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Present
 
|Present
−
|
 
 
|The park is surrounded by farmland, and encroachment for agricultural expansion is a threat (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
|The park is surrounded by farmland, and encroachment for agricultural expansion is a threat (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
|Ongoing (2011)
 
|Ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Present
 
|Present
−
|
 
 
|Logging trails and roads (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
|Logging trails and roads (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
|Ongoing (2011)
 
|Ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
−
|Encounter rate of hunting signs: 0.40 km-1 (Danquah et al. 2012). A 2006-2008 survey reported 0.332 hunting signs per km (Gatti 2010)
 
 
|Snares were found in the park during a survey, and hunting signs were also present in nearby sites (Danquah et al. 2012).
 
|Snares were found in the park during a survey, and hunting signs were also present in nearby sites (Danquah et al. 2012).
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
Wildlife protection at the site is enforced by the Ghana Wildlife Division (Danquah & Oppong 2013). Compared other sites in the Goaso forest block, a study found poaching rates to be much lower in the Bia National Park and Resource Reserve between 2007 and 2009 (AfriMAB 2013). This is likely attributed to the higher protection status of the area, and the implementation of conservation-oriented projects, such as the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II) in 2009, funded by the European Union, under which law enforcement and monitoring were increased (AfriMAB 2013).
 
Wildlife protection at the site is enforced by the Ghana Wildlife Division (Danquah & Oppong 2013). Compared other sites in the Goaso forest block, a study found poaching rates to be much lower in the Bia National Park and Resource Reserve between 2007 and 2009 (AfriMAB 2013). This is likely attributed to the higher protection status of the area, and the implementation of conservation-oriented projects, such as the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II) in 2009, funded by the European Union, under which law enforcement and monitoring were increased (AfriMAB 2013).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bia National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bia National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|
+
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|
+
|As part of the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II), patrol staff were trained for increased law enforcement (AfriMAB 2013)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−
|
+
|The site is designated as a national park since 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2011)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|As part of the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II), patrol staff were trained for increased law enforcement (AfriMAB 2013)
 
−
|Ongoing (2013)
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bia National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|3 Engaged community
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|4 Institutional support
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|The site is designated as a national park since 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
 
−
|Ongoing (2011)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|6 Safety and stability
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
No information on research activities has been documented.
 +
 
 +
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia National Park'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bia National Park'''
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 +
!Behavior
 +
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
  
−
No information on research activities has been documented.
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
= Relevant datasets =
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Bia National Park'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
AfriMAB, Pool-Stanvliet, R., & Clüsener-Godt, M. (Eds.). (2013) Biosphere reserves in sub-saharan Africa: showcasing sustainable development. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.<br>
+
 
−
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.<br>
+
AfriMAB, Pool-Stanvliet, R., & Clüsener-Godt, M. (Eds.). (2013) Biosphere reserves in sub-saharan Africa: showcasing sustainable development. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.
−
Danquah, E. & Oppong, S. (2013) Elephant population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in western Ghana. Pachyderm 53(53):81-90.<br>
+
 
−
Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. (2011) Ornithological surveys in Bia National Park and Resource Reserve, Ghana (January 2005, December 2009 and Septem- ber 2010). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 73: 27 pp. https://www.fcghana.org/page.php?page=268&section=32&typ=1&subs=274<br>
+
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.
−
Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in  Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.<br>
+
 
−
Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.) (2003) West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.<br>
+
Danquah, E. & Oppong, S. (2013) Elephant population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in western Ghana. Pachyderm 53(53):81-90.
−
PanAf (2019) Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Online: [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/  panafrican.eva.mpg.de]<br>
+
 
−
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Protected Planet: [Bia National Park; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net. <br>
+
Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. (2011) Ornithological surveys in Bia National Park and Resource Reserve, Ghana (January 2005, December 2009 and Septem- ber 2010). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 73: 27 pp. https://www.fcghana.org/page.php?page=268&section=32&typ=1&subs=274
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Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in  Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.
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Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.) (2003) West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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PanAf (2019) Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Online: [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/  panafrican.eva.mpg.de]
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UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Protected Planet: [Bia National Park; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.
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Latest revision as of 11:05, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Ghana > Bia National Park

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) may be present in Bia National Park.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 78 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.
  • Conservation activities at the site focus on law enforcement.
  • The site is a UNESCO Biospshere Reserve.


Site characteristics

The site is located in southwestern Ghana, nearing the border with Côte d’Ivoire. The Bia Resource Reserve (228 km²) lies to the south of the national park (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Together, the national park and the resource reserve form a contiguous forest block that was originally established as a national park in 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). However, the area now comprising the resource reserve was de-gazetted in 1977 and selectively logged for several years (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). In 1983, Bia National Park was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). Sixty-two mammal species have been recorded in the site, including 10 primate species (e.g., red colobus Procolobus badius, black and white colobus Colobus vellerosus, and olive colobus, Procolobus verus) (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019, Danquah et al. 2012). Forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and bongos (Tragelaphus euryceros) are also present (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bia National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 78 km²
Coordinates Lat: 6.48 , Lon: -3.08
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The presence of chimpanzees in Ghana is restricted to the forests in the southwestern part of the country (Kormos et al. 2003). Chimpanzees are thought to be present in Bia National Park, but the most recent survey only found traces of chimpanzees in the Bia Resource Reserve (Danquah et al. 2012). As part of the PanAf data collection, a survey was conducted at the site, but chimpanzee abundance and density are not published (PanAf 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bia National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2006-2008 0.0028 Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve Line transects & recces Gatti 2010 Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 1411.26 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2009 Present Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve Line transects Danquah et al. 2012 Presence confirmed in the sourthern part of the resource reserve
Pan troglodytes verus 2012-2013 Present Bia National Park Line transects PanAf 2019 Abundance estimate was not published

Threats

Illegal logging until the late 90s caused severe degradation at the site, and the construction of logging trails and roads facilitated human access into the area (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Uncontrolled hunting has been a big problem at Bia National Park and surrounding areas; the park faces a lot of human pressure, as it is completely surrounded by farmland (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011, Danquah et al. 2012).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bia National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Not reported
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present The park is surrounded by farmland, and encroachment for agricultural expansion is a threat (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011) Ongoing (2011)
3 Energy production & mining Not reported
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present Logging trails and roads (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011) Ongoing (2011)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Snares were found in the park during a survey, and hunting signs were also present in nearby sites (Danquah et al. 2012). Ongoing (2012)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7 Natural system modifications Not reported
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Absent
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Wildlife protection at the site is enforced by the Ghana Wildlife Division (Danquah & Oppong 2013). Compared other sites in the Goaso forest block, a study found poaching rates to be much lower in the Bia National Park and Resource Reserve between 2007 and 2009 (AfriMAB 2013). This is likely attributed to the higher protection status of the area, and the implementation of conservation-oriented projects, such as the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II) in 2009, funded by the European Union, under which law enforcement and monitoring were increased (AfriMAB 2013).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bia National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols As part of the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II), patrol staff were trained for increased law enforcement (AfriMAB 2013) Ongoing (2013)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is designated as a national park since 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011) Ongoing (2011)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bia National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bia National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

AfriMAB, Pool-Stanvliet, R., & Clüsener-Godt, M. (Eds.). (2013) Biosphere reserves in sub-saharan Africa: showcasing sustainable development. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.

Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.

Danquah, E. & Oppong, S. (2013) Elephant population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in western Ghana. Pachyderm 53(53):81-90.

Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. (2011) Ornithological surveys in Bia National Park and Resource Reserve, Ghana (January 2005, December 2009 and Septem- ber 2010). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 73: 27 pp. https://www.fcghana.org/page.php?page=268&section=32&typ=1&subs=274

Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.

Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.) (2003) West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

PanAf (2019) Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Online: panafrican.eva.mpg.de

UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Protected Planet: [Bia National Park; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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