Difference between revisions of "Bossou"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Bossou]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Bossou]]
  
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bossou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bossou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bossou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bossou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bossou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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__TOC__
|7.65, -8.49~[[Bossou]]~Western Chimpanzee
+
= Summary =
}}
+
 
</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.65, -8.49~[[Bossou]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Bossou.  
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Bossou.
* The last population estimate was 7 individuals.  
+
* The last population estimate was 7 individuals.
* The chimpanzee population trend is declining.  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is declining.
* This site has a total size of 20 km².  
+
* This site has a total size of 20 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are isolation due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.  
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are isolation due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
 
* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.
 
* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.
 
* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.
 
* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.
  
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Bossou is a long-term research site in south-eastern Guinea located 6 km west of the foot of the Nimba mountains (Kormos et al. 2003). The site was established in 1976 by Sugiyama and colleagues from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute in Japan (Sugiyama 1979). Prior, Kortlandt was the first researcher to study chimpanzees at Bossou in 1960, but continuous research has been ongoing since 1976 (Kormos et al. 2003). Research conducted at Bossou has contributed to the understanding of chimpanzee ecology and behavior through numerous studies as diverse as population dynamics, social structure, feeding behavior, grooming behavior, genetics, tool use (as detailed in Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2001 the Institut de Recherche Environnementale de Bossou was established to foster collaboration between the Guinean government and Japanese researchers (Kormos et al. 2003).
 
Bossou is a long-term research site in south-eastern Guinea located 6 km west of the foot of the Nimba mountains (Kormos et al. 2003). The site was established in 1976 by Sugiyama and colleagues from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute in Japan (Sugiyama 1979). Prior, Kortlandt was the first researcher to study chimpanzees at Bossou in 1960, but continuous research has been ongoing since 1976 (Kormos et al. 2003). Research conducted at Bossou has contributed to the understanding of chimpanzee ecology and behavior through numerous studies as diverse as population dynamics, social structure, feeding behavior, grooming behavior, genetics, tool use (as detailed in Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2001 the Institut de Recherche Environnementale de Bossou was established to foster collaboration between the Guinean government and Japanese researchers (Kormos et al. 2003).
Only one chimpanzee community remains in the forest surrounding the village of Bossou and ranges in an area of about 20 km2 (Humle 2011). The area is characterized by agricultural areas, secondary forests, savanna and interspersed gallery forests (Sugiyama 1979). The site is not under any formal protection. It was identified as a priority site for conservation in the regional action plan for western chimpanzees (Kormos et al. 2003).
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bossou'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bossou'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|20 km²
 
|20 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
|7.65, -8.49
+
|Lat: 7.65 , Lon:  -8.49
 +
|-
 +
|Type of site
 +
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Habitat types
|None
+
|Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Subtropical/tropical moist forest, Savanna
 
|-
 
|-
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Type of governance
|Arable land, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, subtropical/tropical moist forest, moist savanna
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
 
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0an6uvpJ3RY|330x220|inline}}
 
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95G43lCukzk|330x220|inline}}
 
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2t-BC-ZNF4|330x220|inline}}
 
  
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Since the chimpanzee community at Bossou is habituated to the presence of researchers, exact population estimates have been recorded since the 1970s. From 1976 to 2003 chimpanzee abundance fluctuated around 20 individuals (Sugiyama 1981, Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2004 the size of the chimpanzee community started to decline and is now at 7 individuals (The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019).
 
Since the chimpanzee community at Bossou is habituated to the presence of researchers, exact population estimates have been recorded since the 1970s. From 1976 to 2003 chimpanzee abundance fluctuated around 20 individuals (Sugiyama 1981, Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2004 the size of the chimpanzee community started to decline and is now at 7 individuals (The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019).
  
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bossou'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bossou'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
! Species
+
!Species
! Year
+
!Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
+
!Area
! Method
+
!Method
! Source
+
!Source
! Comments
+
!Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 124: Line 115:
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
The key threat to chimpanzees is the destruction and fragmentation of habitat which led to the complete isolation of the Bossou chimpanzee community from other chimpanzee groups. The last male chimpanzee migrated into the research group in 1982 (Hirata et al. 1998). In the 1980s other chimpanzee groups in the surrounding area have likely gone extinct (Hirata at el. 1998).
+
The key threat to chimpanzees is the destruction and fragmentation of habitat which led to the complete isolation of the Bossou chimpanzee community from other chimpanzee groups. The last male chimpanzee migrated into the research group in 1982 (Hirata et al. 1998). In the 1980s other chimpanzee groups in the surrounding area have likely gone extinct (Hirata at el. 1998).
1,500 people live in the village of Bossou. During the civil war in Liberia in the 1990s there was a large influx of migrants from Liberia to Bossou, and the local population almost doubled leading to further deforestation (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a). During the outbreak of a flu-like respiratory disease in 2003 five chimpanzees died (Humle 2011 b). The local population is tolerant towards chimpanzees based on the belief that chimpanzees are reincarnation of their ancestors (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a). Consequently, chimpanzees are not hunted, nor have retaliatory killings as a result of crop raiding by chimpanzees been reported.
 
  
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bossou'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bossou'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|humans live in close proximity chimpanzees, but do not hunt them (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|humans live in close proximity chimpanzees, but do not hunt them (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|High
 
|High
|
 
 
|widespread agriculture (Hockings et al. 2012)
 
|widespread agriculture (Hockings et al. 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|chimpanzees need to cross roads to move between habitat patches (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|chimpanzees need to cross roads to move between habitat patches (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
|
 
 
|most of the forest has been destroyed or degraded, especially when many people moved to the area during the Liberian civil war (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|most of the forest has been destroyed or degraded, especially when many people moved to the area during the Liberian civil war (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|until 1990s
 
|until 1990s
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Low
 
|Low
|
 
 
|fire do occur in the area (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|fire do occur in the area (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|ongoing (2011)
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
+
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|5 chimpanzees died (Humle 2011b)
 
 
|outbreak of flu-like respiratory disease killing five chimpanzees (Humle 2011b)
 
|outbreak of flu-like respiratory disease killing five chimpanzees (Humle 2011b)
 
|2003
 
|2003
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
Conservation activities focus on reestablishing habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains to end the isolation of the chimpanzee community (Hirata et al. 1998). In 1997 the [“Green Corridor Project”  https://www.greencorridor.info/] started.  To overcome the 10 km distance to the Nimba mountains a habitat corridor is being planted of a length of 4 km and 300m wide through savanna areas.
+
Conservation activities focus on reestablishing habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains to end the isolation of the chimpanzee community (Hirata et al. 1998). In 1997 the [“Green Corridor Project”  https://www.greencorridor.info/] started.  To overcome the 10 km distance to the Nimba mountains a habitat corridor is being planted of a length of 4 km and 300m wide through savanna areas.
Conservation activities also include environmental awareness raising since 1993 through video screenings, pamphlets, educational material for schools and environmental education sessions at schools (Hirata et al. 1998, Humle 2011c). The research project also provided financial support to the construction of schools and latrines, and material donations to schools (e.g., books, benches etc. Humle 2011c).
 
After the outbreak of a respiratory disease in 2003, several measures preventing the spread of human diseases to chimpanzees were implemented: a minimum distance between chimpanzees and humans of 20 m, compulsory wear of a masks, reinforcement of guidelines on disposal of human waste and debris, promoting the construction and usage of latrines in villages, health screening of staff, researchers and tourists working with chimpanzees, and the requirement of up-to-date vaccination by people working with the chimpanzees (Humle 2011b).  
 
  
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bossou'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bossou'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|3 Species health
|Absent
+
|3.1 Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
 +
|since the outbreak of the respiratory disease all people observing chimpanzees have to wear masks (Humle 2011b)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since 2003
 +
|-
 +
|3 Species health
 +
|3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes
 +
|a minimum distance of 20 m is enforced (Humle 2011b)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since 2003
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|3 Species health
|Absent
+
|3.6 Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
 +
|up-to-date vaccinations are required (Humle 2011b)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since 2003
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|video screenings, pamphlets, educational material for schools and environmental education sessions at schools (Hirata et al. 1998, Humle 2011c)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since 1993
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|5 Protection & restoration
|Absent
+
|5.6 Habitat restoration
 +
|the Green Corridor Project aims to reestablish habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains  (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since 1997
 +
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|financial support for the construction of schools and latrines, material donations to schools (Humle 2011c)
 
|
 
|
 +
|since end 1990s
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bossou'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|
|Absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bossou'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|1 Site management
|Absent
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|2 Resources and capacity
|Absent
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|3 Engaged community
|Absent
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Institutional support
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
+
|
|since the outbreak of the respiratory disease all people observing chimpanzees have to wear masks (Humle 2011b)
+
|
|since 2003
 
|-
 
 
|
 
|
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
 
|a minimum distance of 20 m is enforced (Humle 2011b)
 
|since 2003
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 
|
 
|
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
 
|up-to-date vaccinations are required (Humle 2011b)
 
|since 2003
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|6 Safety and stability
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|video screenings, pamphlets, educational material for schools and environmental education sessions at schools (Hirata et al. 1998, Humle 2011c)
 
|since 1993
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11.7. Restore habitat corridors
 
|the Green Corridor Project aims to reestablish habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains  (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
 
|since 1997
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 
|financial support for the construction of schools and latrines, material donations to schools (Humle 2011c)
 
|since end 1990s
 
|-
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
 
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 
 
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bossou'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Research activities =
  
 
Since 1976 research has been continuously conducted at Bossou covering a wide range of topics from ecology, demography and social organization, tool use, cognition, communication, culture, feeding behavior, genetics, and social behaviors (listed in more detail in Kormos et al. 2003, Matsuzawa et al. 2011b, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). As chimpanzees at Bossou live in a landscape strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, one focus of research activities was how chimpanzee are behaving in such a landscape, on crop-raiding behavior by chimpanzees and conflicts between chimpanzees and humans (e.g., Hockings et al. 2012, Hockings et al. 2010).
 
Since 1976 research has been continuously conducted at Bossou covering a wide range of topics from ecology, demography and social organization, tool use, cognition, communication, culture, feeding behavior, genetics, and social behaviors (listed in more detail in Kormos et al. 2003, Matsuzawa et al. 2011b, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). As chimpanzees at Bossou live in a landscape strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, one focus of research activities was how chimpanzee are behaving in such a landscape, on crop-raiding behavior by chimpanzees and conflicts between chimpanzees and humans (e.g., Hockings et al. 2012, Hockings et al. 2010).
  
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
  
  
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Bossou'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bossou'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Algae scooping
 
|Algae scooping
Line 392: Line 374:
 
|Whiten et al. 1999
 
|Whiten et al. 1999
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= External links =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
Hirata S, Morimura N, and Matsuzawa T. 1998. Green passage plan (Tree planting project) and environmental education using documentary videos at Bossou: a progress report. Pan African News, 5, 18–20.<br>
 
Hockings KJ et al. 2010. Attacks on local persons by chimpanzees in Bossou, Republic of Guinea: long-term perspectives, American Journal of Primatology, 72:887-896<br>
 
Hockings KJ et al. 2012. Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, inhabiting an anthropogenically impacted habitat, Animal Behaviour 83(3) 801-810<br>
 
Hockings KJ et al. 2015. Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges. Royal Society Open Science, 2: 150150<br>
 
Humle T. 2011a. Location and ecology, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Humle T. 2011b. The 2003 epidemic of a flu-like respiratory disease at Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Humle T. 2011c. Environmental education and community development in and around Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Humle T et al. 2011. Algae scooping remains a puzzle, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Kormos R et al. 2003. The Republic of Guinea, in Kormos, R. Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. & Butynski, T.M. [eds.] Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK<br>
 
Matsuzawa T. and Yamakoshi G. 1996. Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa, in Russon AE, Bard KA and Parker ST, eds. Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. University Press, Cambridge<br>
 
Matsuzawa T, Humle T. 2011. Bossou: 33 years, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Matsuzawa T et al. 2011a. Green corridor project: planting trees in the savanna between Bossou and Nimba, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Matsuzawa T et al. 2011b. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo<br>
 
Sugiyama, Y. (1979) Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20(3) 323-339.<br>
 
Sugiyama, Y. (1981) Observation on the population dynamics and behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, in 1979-1980. Primates 22(4) 435-444.<br>
 
The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba (2019) [Green Corridor Project  https://www.greencorridor.info/]<br>
 
Whiten et al. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685 <br>
 
  
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Hirata S, Morimura N, and Matsuzawa T. 1998. Green passage plan (Tree planting project) and environmental education using documentary videos at Bossou: a progress report. Pan African News, 5, 18–20.
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 19/07/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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Hockings KJ et al. 2010. Attacks on local persons by chimpanzees in Bossou, Republic of Guinea: long-term perspectives, American Journal of Primatology, 72:887-896
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 +
Hockings KJ et al. 2012. Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, inhabiting an anthropogenically impacted habitat, Animal Behaviour 83(3) 801-810
 +
 
 +
Hockings KJ et al. 2015. Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges. Royal Society Open Science, 2: 150150
 +
 
 +
Humle T. 2011a. Location and ecology, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Humle T. 2011b. The 2003 epidemic of a flu-like respiratory disease at Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Humle T. 2011c. Environmental education and community development in and around Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Humle T et al. 2011. Algae scooping remains a puzzle, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Kormos R et al. 2003. The Republic of Guinea, in Kormos, R. Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. & Butynski, T.M. [eds.] Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK
 +
 
 +
Matsuzawa T. and Yamakoshi G. 1996. Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa, in Russon AE, Bard KA and Parker ST, eds. Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. University Press, Cambridge
 +
 
 +
Matsuzawa T, Humle T. 2011. Bossou: 33 years, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Matsuzawa T et al. 2011a. Green corridor project: planting trees in the savanna between Bossou and Nimba, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Matsuzawa T et al. 2011b. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo
 +
 
 +
Sugiyama, Y. (1979) Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20(3) 323-339.
 +
 
 +
Sugiyama, Y. (1981) Observation on the population dynamics and behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, in 1979-1980. Primates 22(4) 435-444.
 +
 
 +
The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba (2019) [Green Corridor Project  https://www.greencorridor.info/]
 +
 
 +
Whiten et al. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:05, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Republic of Guinea > Bossou

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Bossou.
  • The last population estimate was 7 individuals.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is declining.
  • This site has a total size of 20 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are isolation due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
  • The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.
  • Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.


Site characteristics

Bossou is a long-term research site in south-eastern Guinea located 6 km west of the foot of the Nimba mountains (Kormos et al. 2003). The site was established in 1976 by Sugiyama and colleagues from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute in Japan (Sugiyama 1979). Prior, Kortlandt was the first researcher to study chimpanzees at Bossou in 1960, but continuous research has been ongoing since 1976 (Kormos et al. 2003). Research conducted at Bossou has contributed to the understanding of chimpanzee ecology and behavior through numerous studies as diverse as population dynamics, social structure, feeding behavior, grooming behavior, genetics, tool use (as detailed in Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2001 the Institut de Recherche Environnementale de Bossou was established to foster collaboration between the Guinean government and Japanese researchers (Kormos et al. 2003).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bossou

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 20 km²
Coordinates Lat: 7.65 , Lon: -8.49
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Subtropical/tropical moist forest, Savanna
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Since the chimpanzee community at Bossou is habituated to the presence of researchers, exact population estimates have been recorded since the 1970s. From 1976 to 2003 chimpanzee abundance fluctuated around 20 individuals (Sugiyama 1981, Kormos et al. 2003, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). In 2004 the size of the chimpanzee community started to decline and is now at 7 individuals (The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bossou

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1967 17 Bossou Full count Sugiyama 1979 likely underestimate as chimpanzees were not yet habituated to human observers (Sugiyama 1979)
Pan troglodytes verus 1976 21 Bossou Full count Sugiyama 1979
Pan troglodytes verus 1979-1980 20 (19-21) Bossou Full count Sugiyama 1981
Pan troglodytes verus 2004 14 Bossou Full count The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019
Pan troglodytes verus 2018 7 Bossou Full count The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019

Threats

The key threat to chimpanzees is the destruction and fragmentation of habitat which led to the complete isolation of the Bossou chimpanzee community from other chimpanzee groups. The last male chimpanzee migrated into the research group in 1982 (Hirata et al. 1998). In the 1980s other chimpanzee groups in the surrounding area have likely gone extinct (Hirata at el. 1998).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bossou

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Medium humans live in close proximity chimpanzees, but do not hunt them (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a) ongoing (2011)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High widespread agriculture (Hockings et al. 2012) Ongoing (2012)
3 Energy production & mining Absent
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium chimpanzees need to cross roads to move between habitat patches (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a) ongoing (2011)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High most of the forest has been destroyed or degraded, especially when many people moved to the area during the Liberian civil war (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a) until 1990s
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low fire do occur in the area (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a) ongoing (2011)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species Medium outbreak of flu-like respiratory disease killing five chimpanzees (Humle 2011b) 2003
9 Pollution Absent
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Conservation activities focus on reestablishing habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains to end the isolation of the chimpanzee community (Hirata et al. 1998). In 1997 the [“Green Corridor Project” https://www.greencorridor.info/] started. To overcome the 10 km distance to the Nimba mountains a habitat corridor is being planted of a length of 4 km and 300m wide through savanna areas.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bossou

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
3 Species health 3.1 Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates since the outbreak of the respiratory disease all people observing chimpanzees have to wear masks (Humle 2011b) since 2003
3 Species health 3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes a minimum distance of 20 m is enforced (Humle 2011b) since 2003
3 Species health 3.6 Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy up-to-date vaccinations are required (Humle 2011b) since 2003
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use video screenings, pamphlets, educational material for schools and environmental education sessions at schools (Hirata et al. 1998, Humle 2011c) since 1993
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration the Green Corridor Project aims to reestablish habitat connectivity between Bossou and the Nimba mountains (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a) since 1997
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) financial support for the construction of schools and latrines, material donations to schools (Humle 2011c) since end 1990s

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bossou

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bossou

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Since 1976 research has been continuously conducted at Bossou covering a wide range of topics from ecology, demography and social organization, tool use, cognition, communication, culture, feeding behavior, genetics, and social behaviors (listed in more detail in Kormos et al. 2003, Matsuzawa et al. 2011b, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). As chimpanzees at Bossou live in a landscape strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, one focus of research activities was how chimpanzee are behaving in such a landscape, on crop-raiding behavior by chimpanzees and conflicts between chimpanzees and humans (e.g., Hockings et al. 2012, Hockings et al. 2010).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bossou

Behavior Source
Algae scooping Humle et al. 2011
Ant dipping Matsuzawa & Humle 2011
Branch shaking Whiten et al. 1999
Branch slapping Whiten et al. 1999
Buttress beating Whiten et al. 1999
Drinking palm wine Hockings et al. 2015
Hunting and meat eating Sugiyama 1981
Leaf clipping Sugiyama 1981
Leaf cushion The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019
Leaf sponging for drinking water Sugiyama 1981
Medicinal uses of leaves Matsuzawa & Yamakoshi 1996
Nut cracking (palm nut) Sugiyama 1981
Pestle pounding Matsuzawa & Humle 2011
Stem pull-through Whiten et al. 1999
Stone throwing Whiten et al. 1999
Termite fishing Whiten et al. 1999
Wood pounding Whiten et al. 1999

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Hirata S, Morimura N, and Matsuzawa T. 1998. Green passage plan (Tree planting project) and environmental education using documentary videos at Bossou: a progress report. Pan African News, 5, 18–20.

Hockings KJ et al. 2010. Attacks on local persons by chimpanzees in Bossou, Republic of Guinea: long-term perspectives, American Journal of Primatology, 72:887-896

Hockings KJ et al. 2012. Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, inhabiting an anthropogenically impacted habitat, Animal Behaviour 83(3) 801-810

Hockings KJ et al. 2015. Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges. Royal Society Open Science, 2: 150150

Humle T. 2011a. Location and ecology, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Humle T. 2011b. The 2003 epidemic of a flu-like respiratory disease at Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Humle T. 2011c. Environmental education and community development in and around Bossou, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Humle T et al. 2011. Algae scooping remains a puzzle, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Kormos R et al. 2003. The Republic of Guinea, in Kormos, R. Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. & Butynski, T.M. [eds.] Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK

Matsuzawa T. and Yamakoshi G. 1996. Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa, in Russon AE, Bard KA and Parker ST, eds. Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. University Press, Cambridge

Matsuzawa T, Humle T. 2011. Bossou: 33 years, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Matsuzawa T et al. 2011a. Green corridor project: planting trees in the savanna between Bossou and Nimba, in Matsuzawa T, Humle T and Sugiyama Y, ed. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Matsuzawa T et al. 2011b. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. Springer. Tokyo

Sugiyama, Y. (1979) Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20(3) 323-339.

Sugiyama, Y. (1981) Observation on the population dynamics and behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, in 1979-1980. Primates 22(4) 435-444.

The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba (2019) [Green Corridor Project https://www.greencorridor.info/]

Whiten et al. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA