Difference between revisions of "Comoé National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Comoé National Park]]
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Comoé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Comoé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Comoé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Comoé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Comoé_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_CIV_ComoeNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
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__TOC__
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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= Summary =
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Comoé National Park]]
 
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|9.10, -3.72~[[Comoé National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Comoé National Park.
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* It has been estimated that a minimum of 135 weaned individuals occur in the site.
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|9.10, -3.72~[[Comoé National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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}}
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* This site has a total size of 1,1487.56 km².
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</div>
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* Key threats to chimpanzees is illegal hunting.
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Comoé National Park.  
 
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* It has been estimated that a minimum of 135 weaned individuals occur in the site.  
 
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
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* This site has a total size of 1,1491.5 km².  
 
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* Key threats to chimpanzees is illegal hunting.  
 
 
* Conservation activities implemented include law enforcement, biomonitoring and permanent presence of researchers.
 
* Conservation activities implemented include law enforcement, biomonitoring and permanent presence of researchers.
 
* Comoé National Park is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa.
 
* Comoé National Park is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Comoé National Park was established in 1968 and became Natural World Heritage Site in 1983 (UNESCO 2005). It is located in north-eastern Côte d’Ivoire, between the towns of Bouna and Kong, and close to the border with Burkina Faso and Ghana. The park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).
 
Comoé National Park was established in 1968 and became Natural World Heritage Site in 1983 (UNESCO 2005). It is located in north-eastern Côte d’Ivoire, between the towns of Bouna and Kong, and close to the border with Burkina Faso and Ghana. The park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).
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The topography of Comoé NP is described as a peneplain, meaning a large area with a relief shaped by erosion, with a series of ridges and granite inselbergs up to 600m altitude (UNESCO 2005). The river Comoé flows south through the park for about 230 km (BirdLife International 2019).
 
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The habitat is mostly characterized by savanna habitat with gallery forests and some areas with dense dry forests. Comoé NP is listed as an Important Bird Area and 494 bird species have been recorded for this site (BirdLife International 2019). Notably, five species of global conservation concern have been recorded, among them the three rare migrants pallid harrier (''Circus macrourus''), lesser kestrel (''Falco naumanni'') and great snipe (''Gallinago media''), two hornbill species which are now very rare at the site, the yellow-casqued hornbill  (''Ceratogymna elata'') and brown-cheeked hornbill (''C. cylindricus'', BirdLife International 2019).
 
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The presence of 69 species of larger mammals has been reported, including white-thighed colobus (''Colobus vellerosus''), white-naped mangabey (''Cercocebus lunulatus''), Roloway monkey (''Cercopithecus roloway''), olive baboons (''Papio anubis''), Gambian mongoose (''Mungos gambianus''), African elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), leopard (''Panthera pardus''), lion (''Panthera leo''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibious''), Maxwell’s duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), red-flanked duiker (''Cephalophus rufilatus''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), and bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis'') and roan antelope (''Hippotragus equinus'', Fischer et al. 2002).
 
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Comoé NP was listed as “World Heritage in Danger” from 2003 until 2017, because of the political and military crisis in Côte d’Ivoire from 2002 to 2011, which resulted in the absence of an effective management of the park. Poaching and bushfires were widespread, as was overgrazing by cattle herds and illegal gold mining (UNESC 2019). Since 2012, the situation stabilized, authorities regained access to the entire park, and enforced management of the park. In 2017, an IUCN mission obtained confirmation from a CCCP report that chimpanzee and elephant populations were present. As a consequence, Comoé was taken off the list of endangered world heritage sites (IUCN 2017). 
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Comoé National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Comoé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|Species
−
|1,1491.5 km²
+
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 +
|1,1487.56 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|9.10, -3.72
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|Lat: 9.10 , Lon:  -3.72
 +
|-
 +
|Type of site
 +
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|National Park
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|Savanna, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Type of governance
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|Dry savanna, subtropical/tropical dry forest, permanent rivers
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|
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
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= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Marchesi et al. (1995) estimated chimpanzees in this park to number 470 individuals, which would represent the largest population of chimpanzees in the Soudanian Belt in Côte d’Ivoire. However, this was based on a survey effort of only 30 km. Fischer et al. (2002) confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the area. In the following years, surveys found few or no signs of chimpanzees. A detailed survey of the area was implemented by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) in 2014-2015 and confirmed the permanent presence of several chimpanzee communities, notably also east of the river Comoé (Lapuente et al. 2017). From 2015 to 2017, CCCP collaborated with the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]) to study many aspects of the ecology of the chimpanzees.
 
Marchesi et al. (1995) estimated chimpanzees in this park to number 470 individuals, which would represent the largest population of chimpanzees in the Soudanian Belt in Côte d’Ivoire. However, this was based on a survey effort of only 30 km. Fischer et al. (2002) confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the area. In the following years, surveys found few or no signs of chimpanzees. A detailed survey of the area was implemented by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) in 2014-2015 and confirmed the permanent presence of several chimpanzee communities, notably also east of the river Comoé (Lapuente et al. 2017). From 2015 to 2017, CCCP collaborated with the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]) to study many aspects of the ecology of the chimpanzees.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Comoé National Park'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Comoé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
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!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 74: Line 65:
 
|4.73
 
|4.73
 
|Three locations in the park
 
|Three locations in the park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Line transects
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Total survey effort: 30 km
 
|Total survey effort: 30 km
Line 85: Line 76:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Entire area
 
|Entire area
−
|Interview method
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|Interviews
 
|Fischer et al. 2002
 
|Fischer et al. 2002
 
|
 
|
Line 96: Line 87:
 
|0
 
|0
 
|West of Comoé river
 
|West of Comoé river
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Line transects
 
|WCF 2008
 
|WCF 2008
 
|Total survey effort: 32 km
 
|Total survey effort: 32 km
Line 107: Line 98:
 
|0.38
 
|0.38
 
|West of Comoé river
 
|West of Comoé river
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Line transects
 
|WCF 2009
 
|WCF 2009
 
|Total survey effort: 143.5 km
 
|Total survey effort: 143.5 km
Line 118: Line 109:
 
|2 chimpanzees/survey
 
|2 chimpanzees/survey
 
|Entire area
 
|Entire area
−
|Aerial survey
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|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|WCF 2010
 
|WCF 2010
 
|Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
 
|Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
Line 129: Line 120:
 
|1 nest/survey
 
|1 nest/survey
 
|Entire area
 
|Entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 296 km
 
|Total survey effort: 296 km
Line 140: Line 131:
 
|0
 
|0
 
|Entire area
 
|Entire area
−
|Aerial survey
+
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
 
|WCF 2014
 
|WCF 2014
 
|Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
 
|Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
Line 151: Line 142:
 
|
 
|
 
|Entire area
 
|Entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance), presence-absence sampling, index survey
+
|Line transects & recces
 
|Lapuente et al. (2020)
 
|Lapuente et al. (2020)
 
|Minimum estimate, methods used included line transect sampling, reconnaissance walks and camera traps
 
|Minimum estimate, methods used included line transect sampling, reconnaissance walks and camera traps
Line 157: Line 148:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
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Human population has grown significantly around the park in the past decades and communities that live close to the park rely on the park for agriculture, fishing, cattle grazing and hunting of wildlife (BirdLife International 2019). During political instability from 2001 to 2010 it was too dangerous for local authorities to enter the park and law enforcement was virtually absent (UNESCO 2019). As a result poaching was widespread, likely taking a heavy toll on animal populations and in 2003 Comoé was listed as a “World Heritage in Danger” (UNESCO 2005, UNESCO 2019). It was taken off the list in 2017 since the situation has improved markedly and law enforcement had been reestablished (IUCN 2017). In a 2014 survey, agricultural activities were recorded in the western part of the park (WCF 2014), but in 2017 the limits of the park were changed, so that the few remaining fields were then outside the park (Lapuente et al. in review).  
+
Human population has grown significantly around the park in the past decades and communities that live close to the park rely on the park for agriculture, fishing, cattle grazing and hunting of wildlife (BirdLife International 2019). During political instability from 2001 to 2010 it was too dangerous for local authorities to enter the park and law enforcement was virtually absent (UNESCO 2019). As a result poaching was widespread, likely taking a heavy toll on animal populations and in 2003 Comoé was listed as a “World Heritage in Danger” (UNESCO 2005, UNESCO 2019). It was taken off the list in 2017 since the situation has improved markedly and law enforcement had been reestablished (IUCN 2017). In a 2014 survey, agricultural activities were recorded in the western part of the park (WCF 2014), but in 2017 the limits of the park were changed, so that the few remaining fields were then outside the park (Lapuente et al. in review).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Comoé National Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Comoé National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
−
|Present
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Cows recorded during aerial surveys, though numbers seem to have decreased from 2010 to 2014 (WCF 2014). Still frequent in the North and the East of the CNP (Lapuente et al. in review). The small livestock is therefore found almost exclusively in the biodiversity area, whereas the northern part of the park itself is already heavily impacted by the presence of cattle herds (Linchant et al. 2022)
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|Cows recorded during aerial surveys, though numbers seem to have decreased from 2010 to 2014 (WCF 2014). Still frequent in the North and the East of the CNP (Lapuente et al. in review)
+
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
−
|Ongoing (2019)
+
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
 +
|The presence of agricultural activities indicates encroachment on the protected area. However, this encroachment remains minimal and is primarily localized along the southwestern border, near the Mont Tingui Biodiversity Zone (Linchant et al. 2022).
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|Present
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Artisanal gold mining (IUCN 2017, Lapuente et al. in review). Illegal gold mining is the most immediate and serious threat to the CNP. No mountain in the park has been spared by miners. The extraction sites are particularly vast and tend to remain very shallow (Linchant et al. 2022).
−
|Artisanal gold mining (IUCN 2017, Lapuente et al. in review)
+
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Poaching widespread (Lapuente et al. 2017, UNESCO 2019, Linchant et al. 2022). A significant number of trails are regularly used by bicycles and motorcycles throughout the entire park (Linchant et al. 2022).
−
|Poaching widespread (Lapuente et al. 2017, UNESCO 2019)
+
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
−
|Ongoing (2019)  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
−
|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
+
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|Present
+
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Illegal fishing in Comoé river (Lapuente et al. 2017, BirdLife International 2019).
−
|Illegal fishing in Comoé river (Lapuente et al. 2017, BirdLife International 2019)
+
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
−
|Ongoing (2019)  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|During times of political instability militias were present in the park (UNESCO 2019)
 
|During times of political instability militias were present in the park (UNESCO 2019)
 
|2001-2010
 
|2001-2010
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Present
 
|Present
−
|
 
 
|fires caused by poachers (UNESCO 2019)
 
|fires caused by poachers (UNESCO 2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
−
Comoé NP is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa and is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). In 1989/1990 Prof. Linsenmair from the University Würzburg in Germany, founded the [https://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/comoe-research-station Comoé National Park Research Station]. The construction of a permanent research station started in 2000. During the political crisis the park could not be accessed regularly by government authorities or researchers. Since the political situation stabilized in 2010, OIPR resumed its activities. This resulted in a decline in illegal activities and an increase in wildlife populations (WCF 2014). Comoé National Park Research Station has also resumed its activities since.  In 2014, Juan Lapuente, in collaboration with Prof. Linsenmair and OIPR, started the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project ([https://www.facebook.com/comoechimpanzeecp  CCCP]). This ongoing project involves local and foreign students, and assistants, that study chimpanzees of CNP and work for their conservation. Their work focuses on a 900 km2 area in the south-west of the park. Currently, OIPR is conducting a study on the fire regime (OIPR 2019).  
+
Comoé NP is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa and is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). In 1989/1990 Prof. Linsenmair from the University Würzburg in Germany, founded the [https://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/comoe-research-station Comoé National Park Research Station]. The construction of a permanent research station started in 2000. During the political crisis the park could not be accessed regularly by government authorities or researchers. Since the political situation stabilized in 2010, OIPR resumed its activities. This resulted in a decline in illegal activities and an increase in wildlife populations (WCF 2014). Comoé National Park Research Station has also resumed its activities since.  In 2014, Juan Lapuente, in collaboration with Prof. Linsenmair and OIPR, started the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project ([https://www.facebook.com/comoechimpanzeecp  CCCP]). This ongoing project involves local and foreign students, and assistants, that study chimpanzees of CNP and work for their conservation. Their work focuses on a 900 km2 area in the south-west of the park. Currently, OIPR is conducting a study on the fire regime (OIPR 2019).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Comoé National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Comoé National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
 +
|Biomonitoring surveys by WCF and OIPR, permanent research and conservation activities by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (WCF 2010, 2012, 2014, Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019). Aerial inventories carried out (Linchant et al. 2022)
 +
|Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR)
 +
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Awareness raising activities implemented by OIPR and CCCP (OIPR 2019)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|Designated as National Park since 1968 (UNESCO 2005)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Since 1968
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|8 Permanent presence
−
|Not reported
+
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
 +
|Comoé National Park Research Station and Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (since 2014)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Since 1989
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Comoé National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.2 Lack of staff
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.7 Lack of infrastructure
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.4 Lack of transboundary cooperation
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain)
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|6.2 Insecurity
 +
|Linchant et al. 2022
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Comoé National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|1.2 Effective coordination
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|2.3 Continuous/long-term funding
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
 
−
|Biomonitoring surveys by WCF and OIPR, permanent research and conservation activities by by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (WCF 2010, 2012, 2014, Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|10. Education & Awareness
 
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
−
|Awareness raising activities implemented by OIPR and CCCP (OIPR 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|Designated as National Park since 1968 (UNESCO 2005)
 
−
|Since 1968
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
 
−
|Comoé National Park Research Station and Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (since 2014)
 
−
|Since 1989
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Comoé National Park'''
+
The [https://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/comoe-research-station Comoé National Park Research Station] conducts a diversity of research projects on ecophysiology, behavioral, chemical and evolutionary ecology. In 2014 a research project, the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project ([https://www.facebook.com/comoechimpanzeecp CCCP]), was established at the site focusing on chimpanzee behavior, tool use and ecology (Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019).
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
The [https://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/comoe-research-station Comoé National Park Research Station] conducts a diversity of research projects on ecophysiology, behavioral, chemical and evolutionary ecology. In 2014 a research project, the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project ([https://www.facebook.com/comoechimpanzeecp  CCCP]), was established at the site focusing on chimpanzee behavior, tool use and ecology (Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019).
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Comoé National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Comoé National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Accumulative stone throwing
 
|Accumulative stone throwing
Line 395: Line 421:
 
|Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
 
|Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= External links =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Cavally and Goin - Debe Forest Reserves. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/comoe-national-park-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire  www.birdlife.org]<br>
 
−
Fischer F et al. 2002 Updated list of the larger mammals of the Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Mammalia 66(1): 83-92<br>
 
−
Galat et al. 2008. Our Cousins Chimpanzees and Baboons Face Global Warming by Digging Wells to Filtrate Drinking Water. Proceedings 13th International Water Resource Association Congress, Nanterre, France<br>
 
−
IUCN. 2017. African national park taken off World Heritage ‘danger list’ following IUCN advice. IUCN News. Online: [https://www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201707/african-national-park-taken-world-heritage-%E2%80%98danger-list%E2%80%99-following-iucn-advice  www.iucn.org/news]<br>
 
−
Kühl, H. S., Kalan, A. K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D’Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., … Boesch, C. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:1–8.<br>
 
−
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455.<br>
 
−
Lapuente J. et al. 2017. Fluid dipping technology of chimpanzees in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. American Journal of Primatology. 79: e22628<br>
 
−
Lapuente J. 2018. Recherche et travaux effectués par le Comoé chimpanzee Conservation Project. Juillet 2017 - Juillet 2018. Report for OIPR, 39 pp.<br>
 
−
Lapuente, J., Ouattara, A., Köster, P. C., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2020). Status and distribution of Comoé Chimpanzees: combined use of transects and camera traps to quantify a low-density population in savanna-forest mosaic. Primates, 61(5), 647-659.<br>
 
−
OIPR. 2019. Parc national de la Comoé. Online : [https://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-de-la-comoe  www.oipr.ci]<br>
 
−
UNEP-WCMC,  IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/5188  www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
 
−
UNESCO. 2005. UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory: Biosphere Reserve Information Côte d’Ivoire Comoé. Online: [http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=IVC+02  www.unesco.org]<br>
 
−
UNESCO. 2019. State of Conservation – Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Online: [https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3921  whc.unesco.org]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2008. Evaluation rapide de l’état du parc national de la Comoé : les grands mammifères et les activités illégales humaines. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2009. Rapport sur le recensement des chimpanzés dans le Parc National de la Comoé, Côte d’Ivoire. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2010. Etat des ressources naturelles du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol aérien (Mars 2010). Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2012. Suivi écologique au parc national de la Comoé, rapport de l’inventaire pédestre de la faune (Mars-Août 2012. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2014. Etat de conservation du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol du 17 au 24 Avril 2014. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
  
 +
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Cavally and Goin - Debe Forest Reserves. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/comoe-national-park-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire  www.birdlife.org]
 +
 +
Fischer F et al. 2002 Updated list of the larger mammals of the Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Mammalia 66(1): 83-92
 +
 +
Galat et al. 2008. Our Cousins Chimpanzees and Baboons Face Global Warming by Digging Wells to Filtrate Drinking Water. Proceedings 13th International Water Resource Association Congress, Nanterre, France
 +
 +
IUCN. 2017. African national park taken off World Heritage ‘danger list’ following IUCN advice. IUCN News. Online: [https://www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201707/african-national-park-taken-world-heritage-%E2%80%98danger-list%E2%80%99-following-iucn-advice  www.iucn.org/news]
 +
 +
Kühl, H. S., Kalan, A. K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D’Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., … Boesch, C. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:1–8.
 +
 +
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455.
 +
 +
Lapuente J. et al. 2017. Fluid dipping technology of chimpanzees in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. American Journal of Primatology. 79: e22628
 +
 +
Lapuente J. 2018. Recherche et travaux effectués par le Comoé chimpanzee Conservation Project. Juillet 2017 - Juillet 2018. Report for OIPR, 39 pp.
 +
 +
Lapuente, J., Ouattara, A., Köster, P. C., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2020). Status and distribution of Comoé Chimpanzees: combined use of transects and camera traps to quantify a low-density population in savanna-forest mosaic. Primates, 61(5), 647-659.
 +
 +
OIPR. 2019. Parc national de la Comoé. Online : [https://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-de-la-comoe  www.oipr.ci]
 +
 +
UNEP-WCMC,  IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/5188  www.protectedplanet.net]
 +
 +
UNESCO. 2005. UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory: Biosphere Reserve Information Côte d’Ivoire Comoé. Online: [http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=IVC+02  www.unesco.org]
 +
 +
UNESCO. 2019. State of Conservation – Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Online: [https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3921  whc.unesco.org]
 +
 +
WCF. 2008. Evaluation rapide de l’état du parc national de la Comoé : les grands mammifères et les activités illégales humaines. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 +
WCF. 2009. Rapport sur le recensement des chimpanzés dans le Parc National de la Comoé, Côte d’Ivoire. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 +
WCF. 2010. Etat des ressources naturelles du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol aérien (Mars 2010). Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 +
WCF. 2012. Suivi écologique au parc national de la Comoé, rapport de l’inventaire pédestre de la faune (Mars-Août 2012. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 +
WCF. 2014. Etat de conservation du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol du 17 au 24 Avril 2014. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 +
Linchant, J., Sabdano, N., Eisendrath, L., & Vincke X. (2022). Rapport d'inventaire aérien du Parc National de la Comoé 2022, version révisée du 14.11.22. KfW/OIPR, 100p.
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 2019-10-29
  
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/10/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page updated by: '''Diorne Zausa''' Date:''' 2024-11-28
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<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 11:06, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Comoé National Park

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Summary

+−
Leaflet | Map data: © OpenStreetMap, SRTM | Map style: © OpenTopoMap (CC-BY-SA), © OpenStreetMap
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Comoé National Park.
  • It has been estimated that a minimum of 135 weaned individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 1,1487.56 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees is illegal hunting.
  • Conservation activities implemented include law enforcement, biomonitoring and permanent presence of researchers.
  • Comoé National Park is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa.


Site characteristics

Comoé National Park was established in 1968 and became Natural World Heritage Site in 1983 (UNESCO 2005). It is located in north-eastern Côte d’Ivoire, between the towns of Bouna and Kong, and close to the border with Burkina Faso and Ghana. The park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).

Table 1. Basic site information for Comoé National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 1,1487.56 km²
Coordinates Lat: 9.10 , Lon: -3.72
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Savanna, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Marchesi et al. (1995) estimated chimpanzees in this park to number 470 individuals, which would represent the largest population of chimpanzees in the Soudanian Belt in Côte d’Ivoire. However, this was based on a survey effort of only 30 km. Fischer et al. (2002) confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the area. In the following years, surveys found few or no signs of chimpanzees. A detailed survey of the area was implemented by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) in 2014-2015 and confirmed the permanent presence of several chimpanzee communities, notably also east of the river Comoé (Lapuente et al. 2017). From 2015 to 2017, CCCP collaborated with the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf) to study many aspects of the ecology of the chimpanzees.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Comoé National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1990 3.35 4.73 Three locations in the park Line transects Marchesi et al. 1995 Total survey effort: 30 km
Pan troglodytes verus 1993-2000 Present Entire area Interviews Fischer et al. 2002
Pan troglodytes verus 2008 0 West of Comoé river Line transects WCF 2008 Total survey effort: 32 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2009 0.38 West of Comoé river Line transects WCF 2009 Total survey effort: 143.5 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 2 chimpanzees/survey Entire area Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) WCF 2010 Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 1 nest/survey Entire area Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 296 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2014 0 Entire area Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) WCF 2014 Total survey effort: 2,955.7 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2014-2015 127 (92–176) 0.14 Entire area Line transects & recces Lapuente et al. (2020) Minimum estimate, methods used included line transect sampling, reconnaissance walks and camera traps

Threats

Human population has grown significantly around the park in the past decades and communities that live close to the park rely on the park for agriculture, fishing, cattle grazing and hunting of wildlife (BirdLife International 2019). During political instability from 2001 to 2010 it was too dangerous for local authorities to enter the park and law enforcement was virtually absent (UNESCO 2019). As a result poaching was widespread, likely taking a heavy toll on animal populations and in 2003 Comoé was listed as a “World Heritage in Danger” (UNESCO 2005, UNESCO 2019). It was taken off the list in 2017 since the situation has improved markedly and law enforcement had been reestablished (IUCN 2017). In a 2014 survey, agricultural activities were recorded in the western part of the park (WCF 2014), but in 2017 the limits of the park were changed, so that the few remaining fields were then outside the park (Lapuente et al. in review).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Comoé National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Not reported
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Medium (30-70% of population affected) Cows recorded during aerial surveys, though numbers seem to have decreased from 2010 to 2014 (WCF 2014). Still frequent in the North and the East of the CNP (Lapuente et al. in review). The small livestock is therefore found almost exclusively in the biodiversity area, whereas the northern part of the park itself is already heavily impacted by the presence of cattle herds (Linchant et al. 2022) 2019-Ongoing (2022)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Low (up to 30% of population affected) The presence of agricultural activities indicates encroachment on the protected area. However, this encroachment remains minimal and is primarily localized along the southwestern border, near the Mont Tingui Biodiversity Zone (Linchant et al. 2022). Ongoing (2022)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High (more than 70% of population affected) Artisanal gold mining (IUCN 2017, Lapuente et al. in review). Illegal gold mining is the most immediate and serious threat to the CNP. No mountain in the park has been spared by miners. The extraction sites are particularly vast and tend to remain very shallow (Linchant et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2022)
4 Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Poaching widespread (Lapuente et al. 2017, UNESCO 2019, Linchant et al. 2022). A significant number of trails are regularly used by bicycles and motorcycles throughout the entire park (Linchant et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low (up to 30% of population affected) Illegal fishing in Comoé river (Lapuente et al. 2017, BirdLife International 2019). 2019-Ongoing (2022)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises Low During times of political instability militias were present in the park (UNESCO 2019) 2001-2010
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Present fires caused by poachers (UNESCO 2019) Ongoing (2019)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Not reported
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Comoé NP is one of the largest protected areas in West Africa and is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). In 1989/1990 Prof. Linsenmair from the University Würzburg in Germany, founded the Comoé National Park Research Station. The construction of a permanent research station started in 2000. During the political crisis the park could not be accessed regularly by government authorities or researchers. Since the political situation stabilized in 2010, OIPR resumed its activities. This resulted in a decline in illegal activities and an increase in wildlife populations (WCF 2014). Comoé National Park Research Station has also resumed its activities since. In 2014, Juan Lapuente, in collaboration with Prof. Linsenmair and OIPR, started the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP). This ongoing project involves local and foreign students, and assistants, that study chimpanzees of CNP and work for their conservation. Their work focuses on a 900 km2 area in the south-west of the park. Currently, OIPR is conducting a study on the fire regime (OIPR 2019).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Comoé National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols Biomonitoring surveys by WCF and OIPR, permanent research and conservation activities by the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (WCF 2010, 2012, 2014, Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019). Aerial inventories carried out (Linchant et al. 2022) Office ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR) 2019-Ongoing (2022)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Awareness raising activities implemented by OIPR and CCCP (OIPR 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Designated as National Park since 1968 (UNESCO 2005) Since 1968
8 Permanent presence 8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager Comoé National Park Research Station and Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (since 2014) Since 1989

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Comoé National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.2 Lack of staff Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.7 Lack of infrastructure Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)
4 Institutional support 4.4 Lack of transboundary cooperation Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)
5 Ecological context 5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain) Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)
6 Safety and stability 6.2 Insecurity Linchant et al. 2022 Ongoing (2022)

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Comoé National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management 1.2 Effective coordination Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.3 Continuous/long-term funding Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions Ongoing (2022)
2 Resources and capacity 2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources Ongoing (2022)
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

The Comoé National Park Research Station conducts a diversity of research projects on ecophysiology, behavioral, chemical and evolutionary ecology. In 2014 a research project, the Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP), was established at the site focusing on chimpanzee behavior, tool use and ecology (Lapuente et al. 2017, 2019).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Comoé National Park

Behavior Source
Accumulative stone throwing Kühl et al. 2016
Ant dipping Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Ant eating Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Cave use Galat et al. 2008, Kühl et al. 2019
Honey eating Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Honey extraction with tools Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Leaf sponging for drinking water Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Termite eating Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Termite fishing Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019
Water dipping Lapuente et al. 2017, Kühl et al. 2019

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Cavally and Goin - Debe Forest Reserves. Online: www.birdlife.org

Fischer F et al. 2002 Updated list of the larger mammals of the Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Mammalia 66(1): 83-92

Galat et al. 2008. Our Cousins Chimpanzees and Baboons Face Global Warming by Digging Wells to Filtrate Drinking Water. Proceedings 13th International Water Resource Association Congress, Nanterre, France

IUCN. 2017. African national park taken off World Heritage ‘danger list’ following IUCN advice. IUCN News. Online: www.iucn.org/news

Kühl, H. S., Kalan, A. K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D’Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., … Boesch, C. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:1–8.

Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455.

Lapuente J. et al. 2017. Fluid dipping technology of chimpanzees in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. American Journal of Primatology. 79: e22628

Lapuente J. 2018. Recherche et travaux effectués par le Comoé chimpanzee Conservation Project. Juillet 2017 - Juillet 2018. Report for OIPR, 39 pp.

Lapuente, J., Ouattara, A., Köster, P. C., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2020). Status and distribution of Comoé Chimpanzees: combined use of transects and camera traps to quantify a low-density population in savanna-forest mosaic. Primates, 61(5), 647-659.

OIPR. 2019. Parc national de la Comoé. Online : www.oipr.ci

UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: www.protectedplanet.net

UNESCO. 2005. UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory: Biosphere Reserve Information Côte d’Ivoire Comoé. Online: www.unesco.org

UNESCO. 2019. State of Conservation – Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Online: whc.unesco.org

WCF. 2008. Evaluation rapide de l’état du parc national de la Comoé : les grands mammifères et les activités illégales humaines. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2009. Rapport sur le recensement des chimpanzés dans le Parc National de la Comoé, Côte d’Ivoire. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2010. Etat des ressources naturelles du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol aérien (Mars 2010). Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2012. Suivi écologique au parc national de la Comoé, rapport de l’inventaire pédestre de la faune (Mars-Août 2012. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2014. Etat de conservation du parc national de la Comoé et de sa zone périphérique, rapport de l’inventaire faunique par survol du 17 au 24 Avril 2014. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

Linchant, J., Sabdano, N., Eisendrath, L., & Vincke X. (2022). Rapport d'inventaire aérien du Parc National de la Comoé 2022, version révisée du 14.11.22. KfW/OIPR, 100p.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 2019-10-29

Page updated by: Diorne Zausa Date: 2024-11-28

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