Difference between revisions of "Marahoué National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_CIV_MarahouéNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | (Côte d’Ivoire) Marahoué National Park © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Marahoué_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Marahoué_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Marahoué_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Marahoué_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Marahoué_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
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__TOC__
 +
= Summary =
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.11, -6.02~[[Marahoué National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².
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|7.11, -6.02~[[Marahoué National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
 
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}}
 
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</div>
 
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.  
 
−
* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².  
 
 
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
 
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou.  Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
 
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou.  Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|1,010 km²
 
|1,010 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coordinates
+
|Coordinates
−
|7.11, -6.02
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|Lat: 7.11 , Lon:  -6.02
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
−
|National Park
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Agricultural land
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org  WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
 
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org  WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Marahoué National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 66: Line 61:
 
|15.6
 
|15.6
 
|entire area
 
|entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Total survey effort: 15 km, abundance estimate for weaned individuals
 
|Total survey effort: 15 km, abundance estimate for weaned individuals
Line 77: Line 72:
 
|0.01
 
|0.01
 
|entire area
 
|entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|N’Goran et al. 2006
 
|N’Goran et al. 2006
 
|Total survey effort: 154.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
 
|Total survey effort: 154.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Line 88: Line 83:
 
|0.03
 
|0.03
 
|entire area
 
|entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
 
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
 
|Total survey effort: 167.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
 
|Total survey effort: 167.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Line 99: Line 94:
 
|0
 
|0
 
|entire area
 
|entire area
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 36.9 km
 
|Total survey effort: 36.9 km
Line 105: Line 100:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
 
Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Marahoué National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages  (WCF 2012)
 
|presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages  (WCF 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012)
 
|especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012)
 
|signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
−
|
 
 
|presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012)
 
|presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|poaching widespread (WCF 2012)
 
|poaching widespread (WCF 2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
 
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park'''
+
= Challenges =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded.  The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
−
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
 
−
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Marahoué National Park'''
−
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not applicable
+
|1.3 Corruption
 +
|Denis 2015
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.2 Lack of government support
 +
|Denis 2015
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not applicable
+
|2.2 Lack of staff
 +
|Denis 2015
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|Denis 2015
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not applicable
+
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 +
|Denis 2015
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Marahoué National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not applicable
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not applicable
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|7. Natural system modifications
 
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|9. Pollution
 
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not applicable
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not applicable
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.
 +
 
 +
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
  
−
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded.  The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Marahoué National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Marahoué National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Corruption
+
|Not reported
−
|Denis 2015
+
|
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of government support
 
−
|Denis 2015
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of human resources
 
−
|Denis 2015
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Denis 2015
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of technical means
 
−
|Denis 2015
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
  
−
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.
 
  
 +
= External links =
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park'''
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881<br>
 
−
Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).<br>
 
−
Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.<br>
 
−
N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
−
Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.<br>
 
−
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/722  www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
 
−
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
  
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Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881
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Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).
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Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.
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N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
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N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
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Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.
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UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/722  www.protectedplanet.net]
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WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:09, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Marahoué National Park

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.
  • This site has a total size of 1,010 km².
  • Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.


Site characteristics

Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou. Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (Loxodonta africana), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).

Table 1. Basic site information for Marahoué National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 1,010 km²
Coordinates Lat: 7.11 , Lon: -6.02
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Agricultural land
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation WCF in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Marahoué National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1990 1407 1.64 15.6 entire area Line transects Marchesi et al. 1995 Total survey effort: 15 km, abundance estimate for weaned individuals
Pan troglodytes verus 2006 50 0.01 entire area Line transects N’Goran et al. 2006 Total survey effort: 154.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Pan troglodytes verus 2007 0.03 entire area Line transects N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008 Total survey effort: 167.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 0 0 entire area Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 36.9 km

Threats

Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Marahoué National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Low signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
3 Energy production & mining Not reported
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High poaching widespread (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7 Natural system modifications Not reported
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Not reported
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.

Challenges

Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded. The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Marahoué National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
1 Site management 1.3 Corruption Denis 2015
4 Institutional support 4.2 Lack of government support Denis 2015
2 Resources and capacity 2.2 Lack of staff Denis 2015
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Denis 2015
2 Resources and capacity 2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation Denis 2015

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Marahoué National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Marahoué National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881

Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).

Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.

N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.

UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: www.protectedplanet.net

WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: NA

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