Difference between revisions of "Moukalaba-Doudou National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]]
 
[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]]
  
−
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Moukalaba-Doudou_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Moukalaba-Doudou_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Moukalaba-Doudou_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Moukalaba-Doudou_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Moukalaba-Doudou_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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__TOC__
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| -2.4, 10.39~[[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]]~Central Chimpanzee, Western Lowland Gorilla
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= Summary =
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}}
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</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-2.403664 , 10.399228  ~[[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]]~Gorilla gorilla gorilla}}</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park.
 
* The population sizes are unknown.
 
* The population sizes are unknown.
Line 22: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities have focused on habituation of gorillas for research and ecotourism
 
* Conservation activities have focused on habituation of gorillas for research and ecotourism
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Moukalaba-Doudou National Park is located in southwestern Gabon, 700 km south of Libreville. The Moukalaba area was designated as a Forest Reserve in 1962 and as a National Park in 2002 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Vegetation types present in the park include primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, montane forest, and savanna (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
Moukalaba-Doudou National Park is located in southwestern Gabon, 700 km south of Libreville. The Moukalaba area was designated as a Forest Reserve in 1962 and as a National Park in 2002 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Vegetation types present in the park include primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, montane forest, and savanna (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|Gorilla gorilla gorilla
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|4,458. km²
 
|4,458. km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
| -2.403664 S, 10.399228  E
+
|Lat: -2.403664 S , Lon:  10.399228  E
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|National Park
+
|Protected area (National Park)
−
 
+
|-
 +
|Habitat types
 +
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Type of governance
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical montane forest, savanna
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
Line 64: Line 64:
 
|1.08
 
|1.08
 
|Northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park
 
|Northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park
−
|Dung counts on line transects
+
|Line transects
 
|[https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66239/1/ASM_S_39_41.pdf Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa 2008]
 
|[https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66239/1/ASM_S_39_41.pdf Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa 2008]
 
|Survey effort: 44.3 km
 
|Survey effort: 44.3 km
Line 70: Line 70:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
Since logging stopped in 1988, no poaching of gorillas has been recorded (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). During the period when logging was actively carried out, gorillas were being hunted. The Gabonese government prohibited hunting in 1986 and the logging company in Moukalaba left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
Since logging stopped in 1988, no poaching of gorillas has been recorded (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). During the period when logging was actively carried out, gorillas were being hunted. The Gabonese government prohibited hunting in 1986 and the logging company in Moukalaba left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|Roads constructed for timber transportation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Roads constructed for timber transportation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Ongoing (2008)
 
|Ongoing (2008)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Absent (if you know a threat category is absent)
 
|Absent (if you know a threat category is absent)
−
|
 
 
|Gorillas hunted during the period when logging sites were active. Hunting was forbidden in 1986 and the logging company left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Gorillas hunted during the period when logging sites were active. Hunting was forbidden in 1986 and the logging company left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Until 1988
 
|Until 1988
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|Absent (if you know a threat category is absent)
 
|Absent (if you know a threat category is absent)
−
|
 
 
|Selective logging initiated in 1962. Logging activities ended in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Selective logging initiated in 1962. Logging activities ended in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|Until 1988
 
|Until 1988
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|3 Species health
−
|Not reported
+
|3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes
 +
|A minimum distance of 20 m from gorillas was kept during the habituation process (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2008)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|The site is classified as a National Park.
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2022)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|6 Species management
−
|Not reported
+
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
 +
|Gorilla habituation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). In 2014, the NGO PROGRAM was appointed by the National Agency of National Parks to provide on-the-ground management of the habituation of a group of gorillas called “Musiru”, intended for tourism, in collaboration with Kyoto/IRET ([https://www.programmeppi.org/en/projects/la-conservation-des-grands-singes-du-gabon-au-parc-national-de-moukalaba-doudou/ PPI]).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 +
|8 Permanent presence
 +
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|A local NGO, ([https://www.nationalparks.africa/listing/moukalaba-doudou-national-park/ PROGRAM]), fosters community-based ecotourism and organises gorilla trekking around Doussala.
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
+
|
−
|A minimum distance of 20 m from gorillas was kept during the habituation process (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
−
|Ongoing (2008)
 
−
|-
 
−
|9. Pollution
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|The site is classified as a National Park.
 
−
|Ongoing (2022)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc.
 
−
|Gorilla habituation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). In 2014, the NGO PROGRAM was appointed by the National Agency of National Parks to provide on-the-ground management of the habituation of a group of gorillas called “Musiru”, intended for tourism, in collaboration with Kyoto/IRET ([https://www.programmeppi.org/en/projects/la-conservation-des-grands-singes-du-gabon-au-parc-national-de-moukalaba-doudou/ PPI]).
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
−
|A local NGO, ([https://www.nationalparks.africa/listing/moukalaba-doudou-national-park/ PROGRAM]), fosters community-based ecotourism and organises gorilla trekking around Doussala.
 
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
+
Ecological studies on the sympatric population of gorillas and chimpanzees have been carried out at the site since the early 2000s. The habituation of gorillas started in 2003 during a long-term socio-ecological primate survey (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008, Takenoshita, Ando & Yamagiwa 2008).
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
Ecological studies on the sympatric population of gorillas and chimpanzees have been carried out at the site since the early 2000s. The habituation of gorillas started in 2003 during a long-term socio-ecological primate survey (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008, Takenoshita, Ando & Yamagiwa 2008).
 
−
Bed and bed-site reuse by gorillas in relation to rainfall, fruit abundance and fruit consumption has also been studied at the site (Iwata & Ando 2007).
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
Line 283: Line 277:
 
|hunting with tools
 
|hunting with tools
 
|Wilfried & Yamagiwa 2014
 
|Wilfried & Yamagiwa 2014
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 
[https://www.nationalparks.africa/listing/moukalaba-doudou-national-park/ Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]
 
[https://www.nationalparks.africa/listing/moukalaba-doudou-national-park/ Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Ando, C., Iwata, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Progress of habituation of western lowland gorillas and their reaction to observers in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 55-69.<br>
 
  
−
Iwata, Y., & Ando, C. (2007). Bed and bed-site reuse by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 48(1), 77-80.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-006-0003-4<br>
+
Ando, C., Iwata, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Progress of habituation of western lowland gorillas and their reaction to observers in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 55-69.
 +
 
 +
Iwata, Y., & Ando, C. (2007). Bed and bed-site reuse by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 48(1), 77-80.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-006-0003-4
 +
 
 +
Takenoshita, Y., Ando, C., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Fruit phenology of the great ape habitat in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 23-39.https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/66240
 +
 
 +
Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Estimating gorilla abundance by dung count in the northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 41-54. https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66239/1/ASM_S_39_41.pdf
  
−
Takenoshita, Y., Ando, C., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Fruit phenology of the great ape habitat in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 23-39.https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/66240<br>
+
Wilfried, E. E. G., & Yamagiwa, J. (2014). Use of tool sets by chimpanzees for multiple purposes in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 55(4), 467-472. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-014-0431-5
  
−
Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Estimating gorilla abundance by dung count in the northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 41-54. https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66239/1/ASM_S_39_41.pdf<br>
 
  
−
Wilfried, E. E. G., & Yamagiwa, J. (2014). Use of tool sets by chimpanzees for multiple purposes in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 55(4), 467-472. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-014-0431-5 <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
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Central Africa > Gabon > Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

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Summary

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  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 4,458. km².
  • Current threats are unknown; in the past, hunting and logging were the main threats.
  • Conservation activities have focused on habituation of gorillas for research and ecotourism


Site characteristics

Moukalaba-Doudou National Park is located in southwestern Gabon, 700 km south of Libreville. The Moukalaba area was designated as a Forest Reserve in 1962 and as a National Park in 2002 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Vegetation types present in the park include primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, montane forest, and savanna (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).

Table 1. Basic site information for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Species Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 4,458. km²
Coordinates Lat: -2.403664 S , Lon: 10.399228 E
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2002 6.99 1.08 Northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park Line transects Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa 2008 Survey effort: 44.3 km

Threats

Since logging stopped in 1988, no poaching of gorillas has been recorded (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). During the period when logging was actively carried out, gorillas were being hunted. The Gabonese government prohibited hunting in 1986 and the logging company in Moukalaba left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity unknown Roads constructed for timber transportation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Ongoing (2008)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Absent (if you know a threat category is absent) Gorillas hunted during the period when logging sites were active. Hunting was forbidden in 1986 and the logging company left in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Until 1988
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Absent (if you know a threat category is absent) Selective logging initiated in 1962. Logging activities ended in 1988 (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Until 1988
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
3 Species health 3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes A minimum distance of 20 m from gorillas was kept during the habituation process (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). Ongoing (2008)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is classified as a National Park. Ongoing (2022)
6 Species management 6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers Gorilla habituation (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008). In 2014, the NGO PROGRAM was appointed by the National Agency of National Parks to provide on-the-ground management of the habituation of a group of gorillas called “Musiru”, intended for tourism, in collaboration with Kyoto/IRET (PPI). Ongoing
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site A local NGO, (PROGRAM), fosters community-based ecotourism and organises gorilla trekking around Doussala. Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Ecological studies on the sympatric population of gorillas and chimpanzees have been carried out at the site since the early 2000s. The habituation of gorillas started in 2003 during a long-term socio-ecological primate survey (Ando, Iwata & Yamagiwa 2008, Takenoshita, Ando & Yamagiwa 2008).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Behavior Source
honey extraction with tools Wilfried & Yamagiwa 2014
hunting with tools Wilfried & Yamagiwa 2014

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Moukalaba-Doudou National Park

Relevant datasets

References

Ando, C., Iwata, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Progress of habituation of western lowland gorillas and their reaction to observers in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 55-69.

Iwata, Y., & Ando, C. (2007). Bed and bed-site reuse by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 48(1), 77-80.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-006-0003-4

Takenoshita, Y., Ando, C., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Fruit phenology of the great ape habitat in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 23-39.https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/66240

Takenoshita, Y., & Yamagiwa, J. (2008). Estimating gorilla abundance by dung count in the northern part of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue., 39, 41-54. https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66239/1/ASM_S_39_41.pdf

Wilfried, E. E. G., & Yamagiwa, J. (2014). Use of tool sets by chimpanzees for multiple purposes in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Primates, 55(4), 467-472. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-014-0431-5


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA

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