Difference between revisions of "Rio Muni"
(Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for...") |
|||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Rio Muni]] | [[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Rio Muni]] | ||
− | = | + | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]''' |
+ | |||
+ | __TOC__ | ||
+ | = Summary = | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.700144 , 10.472875 ~[[Rio Muni]]~Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes}}</div> | ||
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Rio Muni. | * Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Rio Muni. | ||
* It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site. | * It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site. | ||
Line 17: | Line 14: | ||
* Conservation activities are not documented. | * Conservation activities are not documented. | ||
− | = Site characteristics = | + | |
+ | = Site characteristics = | ||
Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]). | Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni''' | ||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table" |
− | | Area | + | |Species |
+ | |Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Area | ||
|26,017 km² | |26,017 km² | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Coordinates | |Coordinates | ||
− | |1.700144 N, 10.472875 E | + | |Lat: 1.700144 N , Lon: 10.472875 E |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Type of site |
− | | | + | |Non-protected area |
|- | |- | ||
− | |Habitat types | + | |Habitat types |
− | |Subtropical | + | |Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Type of governance | ||
+ | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
− | = Ape status = | + | [https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]] |
+ | = Ape status = | ||
The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013). | The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
− | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates | + | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni''' |
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table" |
− | ! Species | + | !Species |
− | ! Year | + | !Year |
− | ! Abundance estimate (95% CI) | + | !Abundance estimate (95% CI) |
− | ! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | + | !Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) |
− | ! Encounter rate (nests/km) | + | !Encounter rate (nests/km) |
− | ! Area | + | !Area |
− | ! Method | + | !Method |
− | ! Source | + | !Source |
− | ! Comments | + | !Comments |
− | ! A.P.E.S. database ID | + | !A.P.E.S. database ID |
|- | |- | ||
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' | |''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' | ||
Line 60: | Line 64: | ||
| | | | ||
|Río Muni | |Río Muni | ||
− | |Line transects | + | |Line transects |
|Murai et al. 2013 | |Murai et al. 2013 | ||
|Survey effort: 233.94 km | |Survey effort: 233.94 km | ||
Line 66: | Line 70: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | = Threats = | + | = Threats = |
The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013). | The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
− | '''Table 3. Threats to apes | + | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni''' |
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table" |
− | ! | + | !Category |
− | !Specific threats | + | !Specific threats |
− | !Threat level | + | !Threat level |
− | + | !Description | |
− | !Description | + | !Year of threat |
− | !Year of threat | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |1 | + | |1 Residential & commercial development |
− | |1.1 | + | |1.1 Residential areas |
|High | |High | ||
− | |||
|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013). | |In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
|Ongoing (2013) | |Ongoing (2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |2 | + | |2 Agriculture & aquaculture |
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
|Medium | |Medium | ||
− | |||
|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013). | |Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
|Ongoing (2013) | |Ongoing (2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |3 | + | |3 Energy production & mining |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |4 | + | |4 Transportation & service corridors |
|4.1 Roads & railroads | |4.1 Roads & railroads | ||
|High | |High | ||
− | |||
|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013). | |Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
|Ongoing (2013) | |Ongoing (2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |5 | + | |5 Biological resource use |
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High | |High | ||
− | |||
|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013). | |Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
|Ongoing (2013) | |Ongoing (2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |5 Biological resource use |
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | |5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | ||
|High | |High | ||
− | |||
|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013). | |Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013). | ||
|Ongoing (2013) | |Ongoing (2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |6 | + | |6 Human intrusions & disturbance |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |7 | + | |7 Natural system modifications |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |8 | + | |8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |9 | + | |9 Pollution |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |10 | + | |10 Geological events |
| | | | ||
|Absent | |Absent | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11 | + | |11 Climate change & severe weather |
| | | | ||
|Unknown | |Unknown | ||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |12 | + | |12 Other threat |
| | | | ||
|Absent | |Absent | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
− | = Conservation activities = | + | [https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list] |
+ | = Conservation activities = | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | = Challenges = | ||
− | '''Table | + | Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013). |
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | |
− | ! | + | '''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni''' |
− | !Specific | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table" |
− | ! | + | !Challenges |
− | !Year | + | !Specific challenges |
+ | !Source | ||
+ | !Year(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |4 Institutional support |
− | | | + | |4.1 Lack of law enforcement |
− | | | + | |Murai et al. 2013 |
| | | | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | = Enablers = | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''Table 6. Enablers reported for Rio Muni''' | ||
+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table" | ||
+ | !Enablers | ||
+ | !Specific enablers | ||
+ | !Source | ||
+ | !Year(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |1 Site management |
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |2 Resources and capacity |
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |3 Engaged community |
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |4 Institutional support |
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |5 Ecological context |
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |6 Safety and stability |
− | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
− | = | + | = Research activities = |
− | + | [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea] | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | = | + | = Documented behaviours = |
− | |||
− | |||
− | '''Table | + | '''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rio Muni''' |
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class=" | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table" |
− | ! | + | !Behavior |
!Source | !Source | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Not reported | |Not reported | ||
| | | | ||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
− | =External links= | + | = Exposure to climate change impacts = |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | = External links = | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | = Relevant datasets = | ||
+ | |||
− | |||
− | |||
= References = | = References = | ||
− | |||
− | + | Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 | |
− | '''Page | + | |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA |
Latest revision as of 11:11, 24 January 2025
Central Africa > Equatorial Guinea > Rio Muni
Français | Português | Español | Bahasa Indonesia | Melayu
Summary
- Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Rio Muni.
- It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site.
- The great ape population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 26,017 km².
- Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons (Britannica).
Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni
Species | Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes troglodytes |
Area | 26,017 km² |
Coordinates | Lat: 1.700144 N , Lon: 10.472875 E |
Type of site | Non-protected area |
Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest |
Type of governance |
IUCN habitat categories Site designations
Ape status
The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni
Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gorilla gorilla gorilla & Pan troglodytes troglodytes | 2011 | 11,097 (8,719–13,592) | Río Muni | Line transects | Murai et al. 2013 | Survey effort: 233.94 km |
Threats
The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni
Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 Residential & commercial development | 1.1 Residential areas | High | In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013). | Ongoing (2013) |
2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Medium | Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013). | Ongoing (2013) |
3 Energy production & mining | Unknown | |||
4 Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | High | Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013). | Ongoing (2013) |
5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High | Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013). | Ongoing (2013) |
5 Biological resource use | 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | High | Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013). | Ongoing (2013) |
6 Human intrusions & disturbance | Unknown | |||
7 Natural system modifications | Unknown | |||
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Unknown | |||
9 Pollution | Unknown | |||
10 Geological events | Absent | |||
11 Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | |||
12 Other threat | Absent |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).
Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni
Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
---|---|---|---|
4 Institutional support | 4.1 Lack of law enforcement | Murai et al. 2013 |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Rio Muni
Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 Site management | |||
2 Resources and capacity | |||
3 Engaged community | |||
4 Institutional support | |||
5 Ecological context | |||
6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rio Muni
Behavior | Source |
---|---|
Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
External links
Relevant datasets
References
Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024
Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA