Difference between revisions of "Sangaredi"

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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_GIN_Sangaredi.png | 400px | thumb| right | Sangaredi (Guinea) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Sangaredi]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Sangaredi]]
  
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sangaredi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sangaredi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sangaredi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sangaredi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Sangaredi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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__TOC__
|11.10, -13.79~[[Sangaredi]]~Western Chimpanzee
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= Summary =
}}
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</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|11.10, -13.79~[[Sangaredi]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sangaredi.  
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sangaredi.
* It has been estimated that more than 200 individuals occurred in two neighboring bauxite mining concessions prior to mining exploitations.  
+
* It has been estimated that more than 200 individuals occurred in two neighboring bauxite mining concessions prior to mining exploitations.
* The chimpanzee population trend is very likely declining due to mining activities.  
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is very likely declining due to mining activities.
* This site has a total size of 1542  km².  
+
* This site has a total size of 1542  km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are mining and logging.  
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are mining and logging.
 
* The following conservation activities were implemented by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF): environmental education (Club P.A.N. and theater plays) and forest regeneration.
 
* The following conservation activities were implemented by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF): environmental education (Club P.A.N. and theater plays) and forest regeneration.
 
* Sangaredi is a mining town and mining operations have been ongoing for several decades.
 
* Sangaredi is a mining town and mining operations have been ongoing for several decades.
  
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Sangaredi is a mining town in the prefecture Boké in Guinea. Mining exploitation for bauxite began in 1973 and a railway connects the mining site to the port of Kamsar for the ore to be shipped overseas. Mining concessions around Sangaredi are owned by different mining companies, including the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG, owned by the Government of Guinea), Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) and Halco, with the latter two being consortia owned by transnational mining companies with changing ownership over the years.
 
Sangaredi is a mining town in the prefecture Boké in Guinea. Mining exploitation for bauxite began in 1973 and a railway connects the mining site to the port of Kamsar for the ore to be shipped overseas. Mining concessions around Sangaredi are owned by different mining companies, including the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG, owned by the Government of Guinea), Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) and Halco, with the latter two being consortia owned by transnational mining companies with changing ownership over the years.
Sangaredi is characterized by moist savanna with gallery forests along rivers. However, decades of mining and intense anthropogenic influence, including agriculture, logging and hunting, led to large-scale degradation of ecosystems. Still, biodiversity surveys by [https://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/Rapid-Assessment-Program.aspx Conservation International] and the [http://www.wildchimps.org  Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] confirmed the presence of different primate species including western chimpanzee  (''Pan troglodytes verus''), Temminck’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus temminckii''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), Campbell’s monkey (''Cercopithecus campbelli'') and galago (''Galagoides sp.'' ,Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, WCF 2015). In addition, 5 reptile, 17 amphibian, 140 bird and 16 non-primate mammal species were recorded during the Rapid Biological Assessment in 2005 at the site (Wright et al. 2006).
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sangaredi'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|1542  km²
 
|1542  km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
|11.10, -13.79
+
|Lat: 11.10 , Lon:  -13.79
 
|-
 
|-
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
|None
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, arable land, moist savanna, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, permanent rivers
+
|Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Savanna, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Sugiyama and Soumah (1988) and Ham (1998) confirmed the presence of western chimpanzees throughout Boké prefecture. As part of a rapid biological assessment in 2005 in Boulléré just to the west of Sangaredi the presence of western chimpanzees was established by Eriksson and Kpoghomou (2006). The [http://www.wildchimps.org  Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] corporates with Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) since 2008 to assess the impact of mining on chimpanzees in their mining concession, and suggested mitigation measures (offset) as part of a comprehensive management plan (WCF 2011, WCF 2015). In 2015 WCF started working with the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG) on a concession neighboring the GAC concession (CBG Halco concession). As part of these collaborations, the WCF monitored the local chimpanzee population across several years and estimated a total chimpanzee abundance of more than 200 individuals around Sangaredi. A population trend assessment showed stable population from 2008 until 2014 in the GAC concession (Kühl et al. 2017). Nevertheless, with starting mining exploitation in these concessions and the ensuing habitat destruction and increase in anthropogenic pressures, the chimpanzee population is now very likely declining (WCF 2015).
 
Sugiyama and Soumah (1988) and Ham (1998) confirmed the presence of western chimpanzees throughout Boké prefecture. As part of a rapid biological assessment in 2005 in Boulléré just to the west of Sangaredi the presence of western chimpanzees was established by Eriksson and Kpoghomou (2006). The [http://www.wildchimps.org  Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] corporates with Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) since 2008 to assess the impact of mining on chimpanzees in their mining concession, and suggested mitigation measures (offset) as part of a comprehensive management plan (WCF 2011, WCF 2015). In 2015 WCF started working with the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG) on a concession neighboring the GAC concession (CBG Halco concession). As part of these collaborations, the WCF monitored the local chimpanzee population across several years and estimated a total chimpanzee abundance of more than 200 individuals around Sangaredi. A population trend assessment showed stable population from 2008 until 2014 in the GAC concession (Kühl et al. 2017). Nevertheless, with starting mining exploitation in these concessions and the ensuing habitat destruction and increase in anthropogenic pressures, the chimpanzee population is now very likely declining (WCF 2015).
  
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Sangaredi'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
! Species
+
!Species
! Year
+
!Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
+
!Area
! Method
+
!Method
! Source
+
!Source
! Comments
+
!Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 70: Line 65:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Boké prefecture
 
|Boké prefecture
|Interview method
+
|Interviews
 
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988
 
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988
 
|Questionnaire survey
 
|Questionnaire survey
Line 81: Line 76:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Boké prefecture
 
|Boké prefecture
|Interview method
+
|Interviews
 
|Ham 1998
 
|Ham 1998
 
|Questionnaire survey
 
|Questionnaire survey
Line 92: Line 87:
 
|Present
 
|Present
 
|Boulléré
 
|Boulléré
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 
|Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006
 
|Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006
 
|Total survey effort: 37.8 km; walking existing trail system
 
|Total survey effort: 37.8 km; walking existing trail system
Line 103: Line 98:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession (685 km²)
 
|GAC concession (685 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 537 km
 
|Total survey effort: 537 km
Line 114: Line 109:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession
 
|GAC concession
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 347 km
 
|Total survey effort: 347 km
Line 125: Line 120:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession
 
|GAC concession
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 339 km
 
|Total survey effort: 339 km
Line 136: Line 131:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession
 
|GAC concession
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2012
 
|WCF 2012
 
|Total survey effort: 348 km
 
|Total survey effort: 348 km
Line 147: Line 142:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession
 
|GAC concession
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2014
 
|WCF 2014
 
|Total survey effort: 254 km
 
|Total survey effort: 254 km
Line 158: Line 153:
 
|
 
|
 
|GAC concession
 
|GAC concession
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2015
 
|WCF 2015
 
|Total survey effort: 254 km
 
|Total survey effort: 254 km
Line 169: Line 164:
 
|
 
|
 
|CBG Halco concession (530 km²)
 
|CBG Halco concession (530 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2015
 
|WCF 2015
 
|Total survey effort: 139 km
 
|Total survey effort: 139 km
Line 175: Line 170:
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
As mining operations have been ongoing since 1973 the ecosystem is strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures, especially logging and charring, agriculture, mining, the construction of roads, the presence of settlements, as well as hunting and fishing, and livestock keeping (WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Mining exploitation was planned to start by 2016 in the GAC concession, but the current status is unclear. However, chimpanzee habitat has already been destroyed in the mining concession (WCF 2015). In connection with the mining project, concerns have been raised in relation to social issues (e.g., work insecurity, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and corruption), environmental damage by pollution (air, soil, and water), crop damage and changes in the hydrology (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019).  
+
As mining operations have been ongoing since 1973 the ecosystem is strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures, especially logging and charring, agriculture, mining, the construction of roads, the presence of settlements, as well as hunting and fishing, and livestock keeping (WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Mining exploitation was planned to start by 2016 in the GAC concession, but the current status is unclear. However, chimpanzee habitat has already been destroyed in the mining concession (WCF 2015). In connection with the mining project, concerns have been raised in relation to social issues (e.g., work insecurity, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and corruption), environmental damage by pollution (air, soil, and water), crop damage and changes in the hydrology (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019).
  
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sangaredi'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|Mining town of Sangaredi newly established (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Mining town of Sangaredi newly established (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Since 1960s
 
|Since 1960s
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|Slash and burn agriculture and rice fields (WCF 2015, Wright et al. 2006)
 
|Slash and burn agriculture and rice fields (WCF 2015, Wright et al. 2006)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
|
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|Low
 
|Low
|
 
 
|Detection of livestock on camera traps (WCF 2015)
 
|Detection of livestock on camera traps (WCF 2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|High
 
|High
|
 
 
|Mining exploitation since 1973 (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Mining exploitation since 1973 (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Since 1960s
 
|Since 1960s
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|Road development for mining activities (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Road development for mining activities (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Since 1960s
 
|Since 1960s
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|Bush-meat study confirmed hunting of primates (WCF 2014)
 
|Bush-meat study confirmed hunting of primates (WCF 2014)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|-
 
|-
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
|
 
 
|Wood-cutting mainly for charcoal (WCF 2015)
 
|Wood-cutting mainly for charcoal (WCF 2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|Fire are set for clearing areas for agricultural use (WCF 2014, Wright et al. 2006)
 
|Fire are set for clearing areas for agricultural use (WCF 2014, Wright et al. 2006)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|
 
 
|Contamination of air, water and soil (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Contamination of air, water and soil (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019)
 
|Since 1960s
 
|Since 1960s
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
Since 2008, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation collaborates with the Guinea Alumina Project (GAP) to develop and implement a management plan to first minimize negative impacts on chimpanzees and offset any damage (WCF 2011). In 2011, the WCF proposed a management plan that was informed by the annual monitoring surveys that WCF conducted since 2009 (see above). When the ownership of the mining company changed, the area proposed for exploitation changed to the southwestern part of the concession and a new management plan was proposed by the WCF (WCF 2015). It is not clear which part of the management plan is or was implemented. As part of their engagement, the WCF conducted different environmental education activities: an extracurricular environmental education program at schools (Club P.A.N. program), theater tour, environmental newsletter, and chimpanzee film screenings (WCF 2011, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Community consultations revealed that water is key for local agricultural activities, and in collaboration with local communities the WCF started a program to protect three water sources in the area by protecting the habitat around the water sources – but it is not clear whether protection was implemented (WCF 2014, 2015). In 2015, the WCF established a plant nursery with 25,000 plants to be replanted around three water sources (WCF 2015).  
+
Since 2008, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation collaborates with the Guinea Alumina Project (GAP) to develop and implement a management plan to first minimize negative impacts on chimpanzees and offset any damage (WCF 2011). In 2011, the WCF proposed a management plan that was informed by the annual monitoring surveys that WCF conducted since 2009 (see above). When the ownership of the mining company changed, the area proposed for exploitation changed to the southwestern part of the concession and a new management plan was proposed by the WCF (WCF 2015). It is not clear which part of the management plan is or was implemented. As part of their engagement, the WCF conducted different environmental education activities: an extracurricular environmental education program at schools (Club P.A.N. program), theater tour, environmental newsletter, and chimpanzee film screenings (WCF 2011, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Community consultations revealed that water is key for local agricultural activities, and in collaboration with local communities the WCF started a program to protect three water sources in the area by protecting the habitat around the water sources – but it is not clear whether protection was implemented (WCF 2014, 2015). In 2015, the WCF established a plant nursery with 25,000 plants to be replanted around three water sources (WCF 2015).
  
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sangaredi'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|4 Education & awareness
|Not reported
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Activities at schools (Club P.A.N. program) and villages (theater, film) (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
 
|
 
|
 +
|2010-2015
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 +
|Environmental awareness raising activities include theater, film and newsletters (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
 
|
 
|
 +
|2010-2015
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|5 Protection & restoration
|Not reported
+
|5.6 Habitat restoration
 +
|Plant nursery with 25,000 plants (WCF 2015)
 
|
 
|
 +
|2015
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
Changing ownership of mining companies and volatility of markets for minerals impedes continuous implementation of management plan to mitigate negative impacts of mining operations on chimpanzees (WCF 2015).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sangaredi'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.3 General lack of funding
 +
|WCF 2015
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sangaredi'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|1 Site management
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Resources and capacity
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Engaged community
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
|Not reported
 
|
 
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|Activities at schools (Club P.A.N. program) and villages (theater, film) (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
 
|2010-2015
 
|-
 
 
|
 
|
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 
|Environmental awareness raising activities include theater, film and newsletters (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
 
|2010-2015
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas
 
|Plant nursery with 25,000 plants (WCF 2015)
 
|2015
 
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Safety and stability
|Not reported
 
|
 
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
Changing ownership of mining companies and volatility of markets for minerals impedes continuous implementation of management plan to mitigate negative impacts of mining operations on chimpanzees (WCF 2015).
+
As detailed above several surveys on chimpanzees have been implemented in Sangaredi (Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, Wright et al. 2006, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). The [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/index.php  Pan African Programme (PanAf)] ‘The Cultured Chimpanzee’ established a temporary research site in Sangaredi with the aim to record ecological conditions of chimpanzees living in the area and to document chimpanzee behavior (Kühl et al. 2016, Kühl et al. 2019).
 
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sangaredi'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|Volatility of funding
 
|WCF 2015
 
|}
 
  
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
As detailed above several surveys on chimpanzees have been implemented in Sangaredi (Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, Wright et al. 2006, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). The [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/index.php  Pan African Programme (PanAf)] ‘The Cultured Chimpanzee’ established a temporary research site in Sangaredi with the aim to record ecological conditions of chimpanzees living in the area and to document chimpanzee behavior (Kühl et al. 2016, Kühl et al. 2019).
 
  
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sangaredi'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Accumulative stone throwing
 
|Accumulative stone throwing
Line 412: Line 387:
 
|Kühl et al. 2019
 
|Kühl et al. 2019
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= External links =
 +
 +
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
 +
 
Environmental Justice Atlas. 2019. Iron Mine on Simandou Mountain Range, Mine de Fer, Guinée,  [https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bauxite-mining-boke-guinea  ejatlas.org]
 
Environmental Justice Atlas. 2019. Iron Mine on Simandou Mountain Range, Mine de Fer, Guinée,  [https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bauxite-mining-boke-guinea  ejatlas.org]
Eriksson J, Kpoghomou E. 2006. A rapid survey of the primates of Boké Préfecture, northwestern Guinea. (ed) A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.<br>
 
Ham R. 1998 Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea. Projet de conservation des chimpanzés en Guineée. Report to the European Union. <br>
 
Kühl HS. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:22219<br>
 
Kühl HS et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%, American Journal of  Primatology, 79(9): e22681. <br>
 
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455<br>
 
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574<br>
 
WCF. 2011. Annual report of the activities undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa – Year 2011. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
WCF. 2014. Annual report 2014 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
WCF. 2015. Annual report 2015 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
 
Wright HE et al. 2006. A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.<br>
 
  
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Julia Riedel '''Date:''' 25/11/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
Eriksson J, Kpoghomou E. 2006. A rapid survey of the primates of Boké Préfecture, northwestern Guinea. (ed) A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.
<br><br>
+
 
 +
Ham R. 1998 Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea. Projet de conservation des chimpanzés en Guineée. Report to the European Union.
 +
 
 +
Kühl HS. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:22219
 +
 
 +
Kühl HS et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%, American Journal of  Primatology, 79(9): e22681.
 +
 
 +
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455
 +
 
 +
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574
 +
 
 +
WCF. 2011. Annual report of the activities undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa – Year 2011. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 
 +
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 
 +
WCF. 2014. Annual report 2014 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 
 +
WCF. 2015. Annual report 2015 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]
 +
 
 +
Wright HE et al. 2006. A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Julia Riedel''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:11, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Republic of Guinea > Sangaredi

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Summary

Leaflet | Map data: © OpenStreetMap, SRTM | Map style: © OpenTopoMap (CC-BY-SA), © OpenStreetMap
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Sangaredi.
  • It has been estimated that more than 200 individuals occurred in two neighboring bauxite mining concessions prior to mining exploitations.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is very likely declining due to mining activities.
  • This site has a total size of 1542 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are mining and logging.
  • The following conservation activities were implemented by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF): environmental education (Club P.A.N. and theater plays) and forest regeneration.
  • Sangaredi is a mining town and mining operations have been ongoing for several decades.


Site characteristics

Sangaredi is a mining town in the prefecture Boké in Guinea. Mining exploitation for bauxite began in 1973 and a railway connects the mining site to the port of Kamsar for the ore to be shipped overseas. Mining concessions around Sangaredi are owned by different mining companies, including the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG, owned by the Government of Guinea), Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) and Halco, with the latter two being consortia owned by transnational mining companies with changing ownership over the years.

Table 1. Basic site information for Sangaredi

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 1542 km²
Coordinates Lat: 11.10 , Lon: -13.79
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Savanna, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Sugiyama and Soumah (1988) and Ham (1998) confirmed the presence of western chimpanzees throughout Boké prefecture. As part of a rapid biological assessment in 2005 in Boulléré just to the west of Sangaredi the presence of western chimpanzees was established by Eriksson and Kpoghomou (2006). The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation corporates with Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) since 2008 to assess the impact of mining on chimpanzees in their mining concession, and suggested mitigation measures (offset) as part of a comprehensive management plan (WCF 2011, WCF 2015). In 2015 WCF started working with the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG) on a concession neighboring the GAC concession (CBG Halco concession). As part of these collaborations, the WCF monitored the local chimpanzee population across several years and estimated a total chimpanzee abundance of more than 200 individuals around Sangaredi. A population trend assessment showed stable population from 2008 until 2014 in the GAC concession (Kühl et al. 2017). Nevertheless, with starting mining exploitation in these concessions and the ensuing habitat destruction and increase in anthropogenic pressures, the chimpanzee population is now very likely declining (WCF 2015).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sangaredi

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1988 Present Boké prefecture Interviews Sugiyama & Soumah 1988 Questionnaire survey
Pan troglodytes verus 1997 Present Boké prefecture Interviews Ham 1998 Questionnaire survey
Pan troglodytes verus 2005 Present Boulléré Reconnaissance walk Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006 Total survey effort: 37.8 km; walking existing trail system
Pan troglodytes verus 2009 119 0.11 GAC concession (685 km²) Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 537 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 190 0.18 GAC concession Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 347 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2011 266 0.25 GAC concession Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 339 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 142 0.14 GAC concession Line transects WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 348 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2014 174 0.25 GAC concession Line transects WCF 2014 Total survey effort: 254 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 252 (147-423) 0.33 GAC concession Line transects WCF 2015 Total survey effort: 254 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 62 (33-118) 0.1 CBG Halco concession (530 km²) Line transects WCF 2015 Total survey effort: 139 km

Threats

As mining operations have been ongoing since 1973 the ecosystem is strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures, especially logging and charring, agriculture, mining, the construction of roads, the presence of settlements, as well as hunting and fishing, and livestock keeping (WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Mining exploitation was planned to start by 2016 in the GAC concession, but the current status is unclear. However, chimpanzee habitat has already been destroyed in the mining concession (WCF 2015). In connection with the mining project, concerns have been raised in relation to social issues (e.g., work insecurity, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and corruption), environmental damage by pollution (air, soil, and water), crop damage and changes in the hydrology (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sangaredi

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Medium Mining town of Sangaredi newly established (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019) Since 1960s
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium Slash and burn agriculture and rice fields (WCF 2015, Wright et al. 2006) Ongoing (2015)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Low Detection of livestock on camera traps (WCF 2015) Ongoing (2015)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High Mining exploitation since 1973 (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019) Since 1960s
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium Road development for mining activities (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019) Since 1960s
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium Bush-meat study confirmed hunting of primates (WCF 2014) Ongoing (2014)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Wood-cutting mainly for charcoal (WCF 2015) Ongoing (2015)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Absent Fire are set for clearing areas for agricultural use (WCF 2014, Wright et al. 2006) Ongoing (2014)
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Medium
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution 9.2 Industrial & military effluents Medium Contamination of air, water and soil (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019) Since 1960s
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Since 2008, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation collaborates with the Guinea Alumina Project (GAP) to develop and implement a management plan to first minimize negative impacts on chimpanzees and offset any damage (WCF 2011). In 2011, the WCF proposed a management plan that was informed by the annual monitoring surveys that WCF conducted since 2009 (see above). When the ownership of the mining company changed, the area proposed for exploitation changed to the southwestern part of the concession and a new management plan was proposed by the WCF (WCF 2015). It is not clear which part of the management plan is or was implemented. As part of their engagement, the WCF conducted different environmental education activities: an extracurricular environmental education program at schools (Club P.A.N. program), theater tour, environmental newsletter, and chimpanzee film screenings (WCF 2011, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Community consultations revealed that water is key for local agricultural activities, and in collaboration with local communities the WCF started a program to protect three water sources in the area by protecting the habitat around the water sources – but it is not clear whether protection was implemented (WCF 2014, 2015). In 2015, the WCF established a plant nursery with 25,000 plants to be replanted around three water sources (WCF 2015).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sangaredi

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Activities at schools (Club P.A.N. program) and villages (theater, film) (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015) 2010-2015
4 Education & awareness 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Environmental awareness raising activities include theater, film and newsletters (WCF 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015) 2010-2015
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration Plant nursery with 25,000 plants (WCF 2015) 2015

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Changing ownership of mining companies and volatility of markets for minerals impedes continuous implementation of management plan to mitigate negative impacts of mining operations on chimpanzees (WCF 2015).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Sangaredi

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.3 General lack of funding WCF 2015

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Sangaredi

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

As detailed above several surveys on chimpanzees have been implemented in Sangaredi (Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, Wright et al. 2006, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). The Pan African Programme (PanAf) ‘The Cultured Chimpanzee’ established a temporary research site in Sangaredi with the aim to record ecological conditions of chimpanzees living in the area and to document chimpanzee behavior (Kühl et al. 2016, Kühl et al. 2019).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sangaredi

Behavior Source
Accumulative stone throwing Kühl et al. 2016
Algae fishing Kühl et al. 2019
Ant dipping Kühl et al. 2019
Ant eating Kühl et al. 2019
Making ground nests Kühl et al. 2019

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Environmental Justice Atlas. 2019. Iron Mine on Simandou Mountain Range, Mine de Fer, Guinée, ejatlas.org

Eriksson J, Kpoghomou E. 2006. A rapid survey of the primates of Boké Préfecture, northwestern Guinea. (ed) A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.

Ham R. 1998 Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea. Projet de conservation des chimpanzés en Guineée. Report to the European Union.

Kühl HS. 2016. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Scientific Reports 6:22219

Kühl HS et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%, American Journal of Primatology, 79(9): e22681.

Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455

Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574

WCF. 2011. Annual report of the activities undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa – Year 2011. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2014. Annual report 2014 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

WCF. 2015. Annual report 2015 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation

Wright HE et al. 2006. A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Julia Riedel Date: NA