Outamba-Kilimi National Park

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Summary

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• Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
• It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.
• The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
• This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by intentional burning for agricultural activities and hunting, and mining.
• Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.

Site characteristics

Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km²) and Kilimi (368 km²) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 (Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), Western red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), leopards (Panthera pardus), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Species	'Pan troglodytes verus
Area	1,109 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 9.73 , Lon: -12.07
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical lowland forest, Savanna
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus	1983			0.3	49-60	Kilimi	Reconnaissance walk		Harding 1984 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010	Reconnaissance walk
Pan troglodytes verus	1989				200-300	Outamba	Unknown		Alp 1989 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010	The population size was thought to be as high as 600-700
Pan troglodytes verus	2010		8.9 (6.71-11.83)	1.21 (0.78-1.88)	950 (615-1472)	Outamba	Line transects		Brncic et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus	2010		1.9 (0.61-6.41)	0.27 (0.08-0.90)	70 (22-246)	Kilimi	Line transects		Brncic et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus	2010			0.97 (0.62-1.51)	1020 (658-1596)	Outamba-Kilimi	Line transects		Brncic et al. 2010

Threats

The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). However, there are no signs of an ongoing chimpanzee trade.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
4 Transportation & service corridors		Absent
9 Pollution		Absent
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal gold mining activities in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	High hunting intensity in the late 1960s and 1970s; hunting signs are still frequently found in the park (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
7 Natural system modifications	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Annual burning affects a large proportion of the park (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
1 Residential & commercial development	1.1 Residential areas	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	A number of villages is located in both sections of the park (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Small-scale subsistence farming and palm plantations (Kaiser pers. obs.).	Ongoing (2019)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Signs of dam inside the park used for fishing activities (Kaiser pers. obs.).	Ongoing (2019)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.2 Problematic native species	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Widespread zones of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) that degrade the forest edge (Kaiser pers. obs.).	Ongoing (2019)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.3 Livestock farming & ranching	Present (unknown severity)	The northern part of Kilimi is used for cattle grazing (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Present (unknown severity)	Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).	Ongoing (2010)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance	6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises	Present (unknown severity)	The park’s infrastructure was destroyed and conservation Activities were brought to a halt due to civil war (Munro 2015).	1991-2002
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Park guards funded by the government are stationed around the park to monitor and deter poaching and illegal mining. The site is a priority zone for the STEWARD program, which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project] also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	Government funded park guards stationed around park to monitor illegal poaching and mining (Kaiser pers. obs.)		Unknown
4 Education & awareness	4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions	The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011); discussion and showing camera trap images (PanAfrican Programme)		2010, 2016/17
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)		Since 1995

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
3 Engaged community	3.1 General lack of community engagement or support	Brncic et al. 2010
2 Resources and capacity	2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation	Brncic et al. 2010

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the PanAfrican Programme based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Behavior	Source
Algae scooping	Kühl et al. 2019
Ant dipping	Kühl et al. 2019
Ant eating	Kühl et al. 2019
Stepping sticks	Alp 1997
Seat sticks	Alp 1997

References

Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52.

BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019.

Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455

Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf

Page created by: M. Kaiser & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA