Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

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Summary

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• Northern White-cheeked Gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) are present in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve.
• The population size is unknown; the estimated number of groups varied from 5 to 8 groups in 2009-2010.
• The population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 75 km².
• Key threats to gibbons are hunting, illegal pet trade, illegal logging, and habitat encroachment.
• Conservation activities have focused on improving management of the site and capacity-building for rangers.

Site characteristics

Pu Hoat Nature Reserve is located in the northwestern part of Vietnam’s Nghe An province. The reserve was established in 2013. The site is rich in biodiversity, providing habitats for a broad and diverse range of plants and animals, including northern white-cheeked gibbons (USAID).

Table 1. Basic site information for Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Area	75 km²
Coordinates	19.880413, 104.930435
Designation	Nature Reserve
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The first gibbon survey was conducted in 2002. In 2009 and 2010, five gibbon groups were recorded and the possible occurrence of 2-3 others was identified. At least four groups were recorded in 2007, at least three groups in 2003 and five groups in 2002. Most survey effort has focused on the northern part of the area, which is contiguous with Xuan Lien Nature Reserve and holds most gibbons. The southern and central parts of the reserve contain few gibbons and with little chance of long-term survival (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Species	Year	Total number indiv. (95% CI)	Total number groups (95% CI)	Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Nomascus leucogenys					Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Threats

Hunting is the main threat to N. leucogenys in this site. Hunters with guns and dogs, and trap lines are frequently observed. Gibbon hunting has been prevalent since at least the 1990s, when juvenile gibbons from the reserve were sold for the pet trade. Over the past decade, at least five gibbons have been sourced from the reserve: two stuffed gibbons for sale in 2009, a live male gibbon for sale for VND 400,000 in 2010, a captive female for sale for VND 1.5 million and a reported juvenile which died in captivity in 2005 (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Quantified severity	Description	Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High		Agricultural encroachment (Rawson et al. 2011).	Ongoing (2011)
3. Energy production & mining		Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
5. Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High		Hunting and trapping for pet trade (Rawson et al. 2011).	Ongoing (2011)
	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High		Widespread illegal logging (Rawson et al. 2011).	Ongoing (2011)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance		Unknown
7. Natural system modifications		Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases		Unknown
9. Pollution		Unknown
10. Geological Events		Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather		Unknown
12. Other options		Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development	Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	Not reported
3. Energy production & mining	Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors	Not reported
5. Biological resource use	5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols	25 forest rangers received formal and on-the-job training on a broad range of topics including biodiversity conservation, protected area management, engaging communities, interview methods, participatory mapping, flagship species and threat monitoring, and forest fire control (USAID).	Unknown
6. Human intrusion & disturbance	Not reported
7. Natural system modifications	Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	Not reported
9. Pollution	Not reported
10. Education & Awareness	Not reported
11. Habitat Protection	Not reported
12. Species Management	Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives	Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Challenge	Source
Lack of law enforcement	Rawson et al. 2011

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 10/02/2023