Semuliki National Park

East Africa > Uganda > Semuliki National Park

Summary

• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Semuliki National Park.
• It has been estimated that 50 (CI: 43-57) individuals occur in the site.
• The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 220 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat encroachment, poaching, and illegal harvest of forest products.
• Conservation activities are not reported.

Site characteristics

Semuliki National Park is located in western Uganda, in the Albertine Rift valley, bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Virunga National Park. The Lamia and Semliki rivers bound the park to the west and north, and part of its southern boundary is formed by the Fort Portal-Bundibugyo road (BirdLife International 2021). The park is almost entirely covered by forest, which is dominated by the tree species Cynometra alexandrii. As the site is cut off from the rest of East Africa by the Rwenzori massif, the forest is an easterly extension of the Ituri forest in northeastern DRC, and its flora and fauna show similarities with the forest in the Congo Basin (Sever 2021). The park was gazetted as Semliki Forest Reserve in 1932 and as National Park in 1993. The site is very rich in bird diversity and has been an Important Bird Area since 2001 (BirdLife International 2021). The park fauna is very rich and includes eight species of primates, 51 species of forest swallowtail and Charaxes butterflies (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 1. Basic site information for Semuliki National Park

Area	220 km²
Coordinates	0.828178 N, 30.034272 E
Designation	National Park
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Semuliki National Park

Species	Year	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Encounter rate (nests/km)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	2001	50.15 (43-57)	0.21		Semuliki National Park	Line transects (Distance)	Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003	Standing crop nest counts. Abundance is the number of nest building chimps.

Threats

Main threats to chimpanzees include agricultural encroachment, poaching, and illegal harvest of forest products. The growing human population density in the county where the park is located (Bwamba) poses a big problem, as it is linked to a growing demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021). In the 1970s and early 1980s approximately 30% of the original forest cover was cleared for agriculture and settlement (BirdLife International 2020). The encroachers were evicted in 1988 and 1990, allowing the forest to slowly regenerate (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Semuliki National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Quantified severity	Description	Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Present, but threat severity unknown		Encroachment due to demand for agricultural land (BirdLife International 2021, Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).	Ongoing (2021)
3. Energy production & mining		Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Present, but threat severity unknown		Roads (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).	Ongoing (2003)
5. Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Present, but threat severity unknown		Illegal harvest of forest products, including medicinal plants, bush ropes, poles, and rattan (BirdLife International 2021, Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).	Ongoing (2003)
	5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants	Present, but threat severity unknown		Hunting traps (BirdLife International 2021, Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).	Ongoing (2003)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance		Unknown
7. Natural system modifications		Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases		Unknown
9. Pollution		Unknown
10. Geological Events		Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather		Unknown
12. Other options		Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Semuliki National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development	Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	Not reported
3. Energy production & mining	Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors	Not reported
5. Biological resource use	Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance	Not reported
7. Natural system modifications	Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	Not reported
9. Pollution	Not reported
10. Education & Awareness	Not reported
11. Habitat Protection	11.2. Legally protect primate habitat	The site is designated as a national park.	Ongoing
12. Species Management	Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives	13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	Chimpanzee trekking and other activities are offered at the site (AfricaSky).	Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Semuliki National Park

Challenge	Source
Not reported

Research activities

A study that produced a historical base-line model of chimpanzee metapopulation dynamics in eastern DRC and northwestern Uganda found that chimpanzees in Semuliki National Park are genetically closer to the populations in Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve and Itwara Forest Reserve than to the population in Rwenzori National Park (Rich et al. 2020).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Semuliki National Park

Behavior	Source
Not reported

External links

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Semliki National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/10/2021.
Sever, Z. (2021). Searching for the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Semuliki National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 59(1), 286-292.
Rich, A. M., Wasserman, M. D., Hunt, K. D., & Kaestle, F. A. (2020). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) population spans multiple protected areas in the Albertine Rift. Folia Primatologica, 91(6), 595-609.
Plumptre A.J., Cox, D. & Mugume, S. (2003) The Status of Chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 29/10/2021