Taï National Park
Summary[edit]
- Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Taï National Park.
- It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
- The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
- This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
- A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
- Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
Site characteristics[edit]
Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, UNESCO 2019a). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (Agelastes meleagrides) and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (Procolobus verus), western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), king colobus (Colobus polykomos), and Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli), forest elephant (Loxodonta africana ), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), Water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra), and Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki). Reptile species include (Crocodylus cataphractus) and African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), Home's hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys homeana). Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the Taï Monkey Project. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). There are two eco-tourism sites, one near the town of Taï (managed by WCF, www.ecotourismetai.com) and one near Djouroutou Ecotel Touraco (managed by a private manager, Mr. Louis DIAKITE).
Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park
| Area | 5,0812 km² |
| Coordinates | 5.77, -7.12 |
| Designation | National Park |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations |
Ape status[edit]
Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Taï National Park
| Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2016 | 406 (265-623) | 0.07 (0.05-0.11) | 0.265 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | Tiédoué et al. 2016 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2015 | 540 (321-909) | 0.099 (0.060-0.169) | 0.57 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | Tiédoué et al. 2015 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2014 | 238 (116-487) | 0.044 (0.022-0.091) | 0.67 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | Tiédoué et al. 2014 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2013 | 294 (173-500) | 0.055 (0.032-0.093) | 0.49 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | Tiédoué et al. 2013 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2012 | 264(135-518) | 0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966) | 0.39 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | Yapi et al. 2012 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2011 | 497 (287-868) | 0.09 (0.05-0.16) | 0.58 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2011 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2010 | 441 (264-735) | 0.08 (0.05-0.14) | 0.89 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2010 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2009 | 361 (230-568) | 0.077 (0.040-0.147) | 1.22 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2009 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2008 | 516 (314-847) | 0.10 (0.06-0.16) | 0.91 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2008 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2007 | 479 (299-767) | 0.09 (0.06-0.14) | 0.54 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2007 | ||
| Pan troglodytes verus | 2006 | 480 (280-830) | 0.089 (0.052-0.155) | 0.54 | entire | Line transects (Distance) | N'Goran et al. 2006 |
Threats[edit]
Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees. While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably afterwards, resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has been cleared.
Table 3. Threats to great apes in Taï National Park
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Absent | ||||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Low | Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016) | Ongoing (2016) | |
| 3. Energy production & mining | 3.2 Mining & quarrying | Medium | 3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016) | Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b) | Ongoing (2019) |
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | Medium | Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016) | Ongoing (2016) | |
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High | 29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016) | Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b) | Ongoing (2019) |
| 6. Human intrusions & disturbance | Absent | ||||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Absent | ||||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | High | chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008) | Ongoing (2008) | |
| 8.2 Problematic native species/diseases | High | Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999) | 1994 | ||
| 8.2 Problematic native species/diseases | High | Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017) | 1996-Ongoing (2017) | ||
| 9. Pollution | Absent | ||||
| 10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
| 11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
| 12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities[edit]
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
Table 4. Conservation activities in Taï National Park
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Absent | ||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.10. Certify farms and market their products as ‘primate friendly’ | support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) |
| 3. Energy production & mining | Absent | ||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Absent | ||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols | anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) |
| 5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols | anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) | |
| 6. Human intrusions & disturbance | Absent | ||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Absent | ||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | 8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates | mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2004 |
| 8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals | minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 1999 | |
| 8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site | quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2008 | |
| 8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy | visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2008 | |
| 8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc. | ‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2002 | |
| 8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site | veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2000 | |
| 8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission | done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018) | since 2000 | |
| 9. Pollution | Absent | ||
| 10. Education & Awareness | 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use | environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) |
| 10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management | people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2019) | |
| 10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness | several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) | |
| 10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions | theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018) | Ongoing (2018) | |
| 11. Habitat Protection | 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat | designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019) | since 1972 |
| 12. Species Management | Absent | ||
| 13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | 13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site | 3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018) | since 1979 |
| 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site | 2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018) | since 2013 | |
| 13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager | Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018 | since 1979 |
Challenges[edit]
Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park
| Challenge | Source |
|---|---|
| Not reported |
Research activities[edit]
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
Documented behaviours[edit]
Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Ant dipping | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Ant eating | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Ant eating without tools | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Branch clasping | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Branch dragging | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Branch slapping | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Buttress beating | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Fluid dipping | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Honey eating | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Honey extraction with tools | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Honey extraction without tools | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Knuckle-knock | Whiten et al. 1999 |
| Leaf clipping | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Leaf cushion | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Leaf sponging for drinking water | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Marrow pick | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Nut cracking | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Stone throwing | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Termite eating | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Termite eating without tools | Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019 |
| Wood pounding | Whiten et al. 1999 |
Exposure to climate change impacts[edit]
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).
Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park
| past | near term | long term | |||
| RCP2.6 | RCP6.0 | RCP2.6 | RCP6.0 | ||
| Mean temperature [°C] | 25.7 | 26.8 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 28 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 1828 | 1822 | 1894 | 1869 | 1947 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 24 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 24.9 | 24.2 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6.4 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 10.3 |
Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park
| near term | long term | |||||||
| RCP2.6 | RCP6.0 | RCP2.6 | RCP6.0 | |||||
| No. of years with event | % of site exposed | No. of years with event | % of site exposed | No. of years with event | % of site exposed | No. of years with event | % of site exposed | |
| Crop failure | 3 | 1.11 | 2.5 | 0.83 | 4 | 0.62 | 4 | 1.27 |
| Drought | 0.5 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 12.5 |
| Heatwave | 13.5 | 77.15 | 11.5 | 87.19 | 15.5 | 85.94 | 17.5 | 81.94 |
| River flood | 1.25 | 1.46 | 4 | 3.22 | 4.25 | 2.57 | 5.25 | 4.16 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.51 | 30 | 0.5 | 29 | 0.54 | 29 | 0.54 |
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