Bailly swamps
Summary
- Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Bailly swamps.
- It has been estimated that 4,988 (95% CI 2,466-10,086) gorillas and 2,127 (95% CI 1,134-3,989) chimpanzees occur in the site.
- The great ape population trend is unknown.
- Main threats include poaching.
- The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve.
Site characteristics
Table 1. Basic site information for Bailly swamps
| Area | 3770 km² |
| Coordinates | 1.951998, 16.866552 |
| Designation | Unclassified |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical swamp forest |
Ape status
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bailly swamps
| Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gorilla gorilla gorilla | 2006 | 4,988 (2,466-10,086) | Bailly swamps | Line transects (Distance) | Stokes et al. 2010 | ||||
| Pan troglodytes troglodytes | 2006 | 2,127 (1,134-3,989) | Bailly swamps | Line transects (Distance) | Stokes et al. 2010 |
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes in Bailly swamps
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Unknown | ||||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Unknown | ||||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Unknown | ||||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Unknown | ||||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | Present (severity unknown) | Poaching present in the area (Stokes et al. 2010). | 2010-Ongoing | |
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Unknown | ||||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Unknown | ||||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Unknown | ||||
| 9. Pollution | Unknown | ||||
| 10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
| 11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
| 12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities
The site benefits from law enforcement and anti-poaching patrols conducted in the adjacent Lac Télé Community Reserve (Stokes et al. 2010).
Table 4. Conservation activities in Bailly swamps
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Not reported | ||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Not reported | ||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Not reported | ||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Not reported | ||
| 5. Biological resource use | Not reported | ||
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Not reported | ||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Not reported | ||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Not reported | ||
| 9. Pollution | Not reported | ||
| 10. Education & Awareness | Not reported | ||
| 11. Habitat Protection | Not reported | ||
| 12. Species Management | Not reported | ||
| 13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | Not reported |
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Bailly swamps
| Challenge | Source |
|---|---|
| Not reported |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bailly swamps
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bailly swamps
| 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 | |
| Mean temperature [°C] | 25 | 26.2 | 26 | 26.5 | 27.5 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 1549 | 1607 | 1601 | 1621 | 1598 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 16 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 12.3 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.9 |
Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bailly swamps
| No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | |
| Crop failure | 12.5 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 16.67 |
| Heatwave | 7 | 58.06 | 6.5 | 51.11 | 8 | 66.67 | 13 | 80.56 |
| River flood | 0.75 | 0.16 | 2 | 0.37 | 2 | 1.12 | 1.25 | 0.9 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.47 | 30 | 0.51 | 29 | 0.46 | 29 | 0.42 |
References
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Stokes EJ, Strindberg S, Bakabana PC, Elkan PW, Iyenguet FC, Madzoké B... & Rainey, H.J. (2010). Monitoring great ape and elephant abundance at large spatial scales: measuring effectiveness of a conservation landscape. PLoS ONE 5(4), e10294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010294
Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 06/12/2020